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Computer Skills CIS-100

Computer Skills CIS-100. Qais A. marji. Chapter 1: Introduction To Computer. Chapter 1: Introduction To Computer. Definition of Computers. Benefits (functions) of Computers. Computer hardware. Operating systems (their definition and functions). Classification of computers

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Computer Skills CIS-100

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  1. Computer Skills CIS-100 Qais A. marji

  2. Chapter 1: Introduction To Computer

  3. Chapter 1: Introduction To Computer • Definition of Computers. • Benefits (functions) of Computers. • Computer hardware. • Operating systems (their definition and functions). • Classification of computers • Computer Problems and Viruses • Definition of data, information and knowledge.

  4. What is Computer • A computer is a programmable machine. • general purpose device that can be programmed to carry out a finite set of arithmetic or logical operations. • The first electronic digital computers were developed between 1940 and 1945 in the United Kingdom and United States.

  5. A Computer System (Contd.) • In general, a computer is a machine which accepts data, processes it and returns new information as output. Processing Data Information

  6. Computer Components • Hardware • Software

  7. Hardware • Tangible objects • The actual machinery, wires, transistors, and circuits.

  8. Devices that comprise a computer system Monitor (output) Speaker (output) System unit (processor, memory…) Printer (output) Storage devices (CD-RW, Floppy, Hard disk, zip,…) Mouse (input) Scanner (input) Keyboard (input)

  9. Software • Computer Programs • instructions and data

  10. Computer Units • Input Unit • Output Unit • Central processing Unit • Memory Unit • Mass storageUnit

  11. Computer Units • Input Unit: usually a keyboard and mouse, the input device is the conduit through which data and instructions enter a computer • Output Unit: a display screen, printer, or other device that lets you see what the computer has accomplished.

  12. Computer Units • Central processing Unit: the hart of the computer • Memory Unit: enables a computer to store at least temporarily, data and programs • Mass storageUnit: allows a computer to permanently retain large amounts of data.

  13. Computer Units

  14. Computer Hardware

  15. Input Unit • used to provide data and control signals to a Computer. • Provide data in a form understandable by computer (Computer Language) • Main examples Keyboard and mouse

  16. Input Unit • Keyboard • has characters printed on the keys and each press • Different buttons with different types and functions • To know Keyboard buttons types see page 8 figure 4. • Mouse • is a pointing device that functions by detecting two-dimensional  motion

  17. Input Unit

  18. Output Unit • used to communicate the results of data processing carried out by the processing unit. • converts the electronically generated information into human-readable form.

  19. Output devices Examples • A monitor CRT: Cathode Ray Tube LCD: Liquid crystal display most familiar these days

  20. Output devices Examples 2. Printer • transfers data from a computer onto paper • Compare between the two main types of printers?

  21. Central Processing Unit • CPU • known as microprocessor or processor • It is responsible for all functions and processes

  22. CPU Components • The CPU is comprised of three main parts • ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit) • Control Unit(CU) • Registers: Stores the data that is to be executed next.

  23. ALU • which executes all arithmetic and logical operations. • Arithmetic calculations like as addition, subtraction, multiplication and division • Logical operation like compare numbers, letters, or special characters • What is the different between Arithmetic and logical operations?

  24. Control Unit (CU) • controls and co-ordinates computer components. • Read the code for the next instruction to be executed. • Increment the program counter so it points to the next instruction. • Read whatever data the instruction requires from cells in memory. • Provide the necessary data to an ALU or register. • If the instruction requires an ALU or specialized hardware to complete, instruct the hardware to perform the requested operation.

  25. Registers • Registers are temporary storage areas which are responsible for holding the data that is to be processed. • Are very fast storage area

  26. Memory Unit • Computer Memory is divided into two main types • Main Memory (Primary) • Secondary Memory

  27. Memory Unit

  28. Primary Memory • Main Examples of the primary memory are • RAM • ROM

  29. RAM • Stand for Random Access Memory • responsible for storing data on a temporary basis. • It is volatile memory “ Data will be erased once supply to the storage device is turned off”. • RAM is considered As “Random Access”: because you can access any memory cell directly.

  30. ROM • Stand for Read Only Memory • is a permanent form of storage • Programmed at manufacturing time

  31. Secondary Memory • Stores data and programs permanently • its retained after the power is turned off • Main Examples • Hard Disk • Optical Disk • Flash memory

  32. Hard Disk • Called Disk drive or HDD • stores and provides relatively quick access to large amounts of data. • Stores data on an electromagnetically charged surface or set of surfaces.

  33. Optical Disk & Flash • an optical disc drive (ODD) is a disk drive that uses laser light to store data. • There are three main types of optical media: CD, DVD, and Blu-ray disc CD “Compact Disk” can store up to 700MB DVD “ Digital Video Disk“ can store up to 8.4 GB Blu-ray disccan store up to 50 GB

  34. RAM V.s Hard Disk • What are the differences between RAM as a main memory and HDD as a Secondary Memory.

  35. RAM V.s Hard Disk

  36. Software • organized collections of computer data and instructions • two major categories: • system software • application software

  37. System software • Known as Operating System • is responsible for controlling, integrating, and managing the individual hardware components of a computer system • Windows is an example of OS. • example of System Software: • 1) Microsoft Windows • 2) Linux • 3) Unix • 4) Mac OSX • 5) DOS

  38. Application Software • is used to accomplish specific tasks other than just running the computer system. • Two types • software package: single program • software suite: multiple program

  39. System Software V.s Application Software • Compare between System Software and application one based on these factors • Definition • Examples • User Interaction • Dependency

  40. Computer Languages • languages that is used to communicate with computers. • Two main Types • Machine language • Machine language is referred as the binary language • machine dependent • High level language • Easy to write and understand (unlike machine) • It was in 1957 that a high level language called FORTRAN was developed by IBM • Ex. Java; C++; C#; Java script; LispPython; Scheme ; Prolog; Ruby

  41. Unit of Measurements - Storage

  42. Size example • 1 bit - answer to an yes/no question • 1 byte - a number from 0 to 255. • 90 bytes: enough to store a typical line of text from a book. • 4 KB: about one page of text. • 120 KB: the text of a typical pocket book • 3 MB - a three minute song (128k bitrate) • 650-900 MB - an CD-ROM • 1 GB -114 minutes of uncompressed CD-quality audio at 1.4 Mbit/s • 8/16 GB - size of a normal flash drive

  43. A. 10B is equivalent 10 * 8 = 80 bits • B. 3MB is equivalent to how many Bits? • Answer: • 3 *1024 = 3072 KB • 3072*1024 = 3145728 B • 3145728 * 8 = 25165824 bits

  44. Unit of Measurements - Storage • Sample Question • 3MB equivalent to ___________ Byte • A file with size 3GB required __________ CDs to store it • Each symbol in a keyboard like ‘A’ required ____________ to store it?

  45. Unit of Measurement -Speed • The speed of CPU measured by unit called Hertz (Hz) • 1 Hz represent 1 cycle per second. • The speed of CPU is known as Computer Speed.

  46. Unit of Measurement -Speed

  47. Computer Classification • Computers can be classified by size and power to: • Personal computer (PCs) • Workstation: • Minicomputer • Mainframe: • SuperComputer

  48. Computer Classification • Personal computer (PCs): a small, single-user computer based on a microprocessor. In addition to the microprocessor, a personal computer has a keyboard for entering data, a monitor for displaying information, and a storage device for saving data. • Workstation: a powerful, single-user computer. A workstation is like a personal computer, but it has a more powerful microprocessor and a higher-quality monitor.

  49. Computer Classification • Minicomputer: multi-user computer capable of supporting from 10 to hundreds of users simultaneously. • Mainframe: powerful multi-user computer capable of supporting many hundreds or thousands of users simultaneously. • Supercomputer: an extremely fast computer that can perform hundreds of millions of instructions per second.

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