Tomislav Skračić, MA Undergraduate English Course for MARI NE ENGINEERS 2nd Semester

1. Essential reading: SPINČIĆ, A., An English Textbook For Marine Engineers I., Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2008. LUZER, J., SPINČIĆ, A., Gramatička vježbenica engleskog jezika za pomorce, Pomorski fakultet, Rijeka 2003. Tomislav Skračić, MAUndergraduate English Course forMARINE ENGINEERS2nd Semester

2. SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction

3. According to their propulsion, boats and ships are categorised into three types: Vessels using human power Sailing vessels Vessels using mechanical propulsion Human propulsion includes rowing, paddling, and using poles, e.g. in marshy areas like the Neretva Delta. Rowing vessels include dinghies, canoes, kayaks, gondolas, and many other small boats. Long time ago even large galleys were propelled by oars. SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction

4. Sailing boats and ships are vessels which are propelled solely by means of sails. Propulsion by sail generally consists of a sail hoisted on an erect mast, supported by stays and spars and controlled by lines. Sail systems were the dominant form of propulsion until the 19th century. They are now generally used for recreation and racing, although experimental sail systems have been used on larger modern vessels for fuel saving. SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction

5. fuel saving

6. The most common mechanical propulsion systems are: Inboard - Internal combustion (gasoline, diesel, heavy fuel oil) - Steam and gas turbine (cargo ships, passenger cruisers, warships, etc.) - Nuclear reactors (some submarines, naval ships, and icebreakers) Outboard - Gasoline - Electric Paddle wheel Water jet (personal water craft, military craft, working boats) Air fans (hovercraft, air boats) SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction

7. Most of mechanical propulsion systems generally consist of an engine turning a propeller shaft. There are many variations of propeller systems, including twin, contra-rotating, controllable-pitch, and propellers in nozzles (nozzles increase thrust at moderate speed). Smaller vessels tend to have a single propeller. Aircraft carriers use up to four propellers. Power is transmitted from the engine to the propeller by way of a propeller shaft, which may or may not be connected to a gearbox. Most of large boats, yachts, and ships are fitted with bow thrusters and stern thrusters to improve their manoeuvrability in ports and confined waters. SHIP PROPULSION – Introduction

8. KEY WORDS heavy fuel oil - teško gorivo gas oil - čisti diesel marine oil - manje kvalitetan plavi diesel, za ribare gasoline - benzin propulsion (n.) - propulzija, pogon primary function - osnovna / primarna funkcija convert (v.) - pretvarati, pretvoriti electronic device - elektronska naprava, sprava source (n.) - izvor synthetic fuels - sintetička goriva solid fuels - čvrsta goriva likely - vjerojatan, moguć (cf. unlikely) SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Internal and external combustion engines

9. KEY WORDS trade run - redovita brodska linija boiler furnace - ložište kotla seaworthy - sposoban za plovidbu / dobrih maritimnih sposobnosti / “pomorstven” consider (v.) - razmotriti, uzeti u obzir = take into consideration drive (n.) - pogon availability - dostupnost out of date - zastario (cf. modern, cutting edge) deadweight capacity - ukupna nosivost broda deadweight tonnage (DWT) - nosivost broda, korisna nosivost steam reciprocating engine - parni stapni stroj SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Internal and external combustion engines

10. Theprimary function of any marine engineering plant is to convert the chemical energy of fuel into useful work and to employ that work in the propulsion of the ship. Other functions include the production of power for steering, lighting, ventilating, air-conditioning, heating, refrigerating, and for operation of various types of electrical and electronic devices. SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Internal and external combustion engines

11. Crude oil is, at the present time, the source of most fuel oils for marine use. Synthetic fuels are being developed but will probably be too expensive for ship propulsion. Solid fuel, such as coal, used in the first steps of mechanical propulsion, is returning in a small way for certain specialised trade runs. However, the various products of crude oil seem likely to remain as the major forms of marine fuel. SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Internal and external combustion engines

12. When the fuel is burnt in the furnace of boilers and the heat so generated is transferred to water for raising steam which serves to carry the heat energy to engines for conversion into useful work – then these engines are termed external combustion engines. If the fuel is burnt within the engines themselves, i.e. In their cylinders, then they are known as internal combustion engines. SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Internal and external combustion engines

13. The choice of the most suitable power plant depends on: the size of the ship, its displacement and deadweight capacity, required speed, length and duration of the voyage, cost and availability of fuel, operational expenses, and so on... SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Internal and external combustion engines

14. There are a number of propelling units from which to choose: diesel engines, steam turbine, diesel-electric or turbo-electric drive, gas trubine, nuclear propulsion units. SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Internal and external combustion engines

15. What is the primary function of the marine engineering plant? What is its secondary function? What kind of fuel is ised for marine propulsion? What can you say about coal as fuel? What machine is termed external combustion engine? What is an internal combustion engine? What factors must designers and shipbuilders consider when deciding the choice of the propelling unit? SHIP PROPULSION – Part 1Answer the following questions: