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LB145 Sec 001-004

LB145 Sec 001-004. Today’s Outline/Announcements. Study Notes 6a Due. Take up exam: Thursday View exam on Friday between 2-4pm in C-4. Field Trip Sign-up. Course Recap Membranes transport and proteins How do proteins make energy? How are proteins made? Introduction to DNA

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LB145 Sec 001-004

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  1. LB145Sec 001-004

  2. Today’s Outline/Announcements • Study Notes 6a Due. • Take up exam: Thursday • View exam on Friday between 2-4pm in C-4. • Field Trip Sign-up. • Course Recap • Membranes transport and proteins • How do proteins make energy? • How are proteins made? • Introduction to DNA • Worksheet to follow along with today’s material.

  3. Recap – Membranes and Proteins(Unit 1) • What are proteins? • Where are proteins made? • What happens to them after they are made? • What do membrane proteins do?

  4. Recap – Proteins and Energy(Unit 2) • What is energy? • How is energy made in plants? • How is energy made in animals? • What role to proteins play in the production of energy?

  5. Fig. 17-4 Gene 2 DNA molecule Gene 1 Gene 3 The Central Dogma of Molecular Biology DNA template strand TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Codon TRANSLATION Protein Amino acid

  6. Unit 3 – What Will You Learn? • Structure of DNA/RNA. • How is DNA replicated? • How is RNA made? • How is RNA processed? • How does RNA make protein? • What happens to proteins after they are made?

  7. Structure of DNA and RNA

  8. DNA Factoids • Humans have 46 chromosomes. • Our 46 chromosomes have 3.2 billion base pairs. • 99.9% of your base pair sequence is identical to mine. • All living organisms on the planet have DNA. • We have ~24,000 genes.

  9. DNA Factoids • If stretched end-to-end, the DNA in 1 chromosome would stretch to ~ 2 inches. • If tied together and stretched out, all the DNA in 1 cell would stretch to 6 feet! • All the DNA in our body, if stretched out, could wrap around the earth 5 million times; it would reach the sun and back 70 times. (50 trillionths of an inch wide)

  10. What is DNA… Campbell 8e, Fig. 16.21

  11. Strand

  12. 2. RNA: RiboNucleicAcid Strand

  13. 2. RNA: RiboNucleicAcid Strand Strand

  14. 5’ carbon 5’ carbon 3’ carbon 3’ carbon

  15. purines (2 rings) pyrimidines (1 ring) 1 of 4 1 of 4 RNA Bases RNA nucleotide

  16. What is a nucleotide? A molecule with a nitrogenous base, a ribose molecule and one or more phosphate groups.

  17. ATP – Adenosine Triphosphate ATP is a type of nucleotide … more specifically:a nucleoside triphosphate (or NTP) High energy bonds! Campbell 8e Fig. 8.8

  18. 5’ Nucleotides in DNA are nucleoside monophosphate molecules. direction of elongation 3’

  19. Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are bonded to DNA phosphodiesterbonds.

  20. Two types of bonds hold DNA together:1. Phosphodiester 2. Hydrogen bonds

  21. Base Pairing Purines Pyrimidines Adenine pairs with Uracil in RNA

  22. Base Pairing

  23. phosphodiesterbonds hydrogen bonds

  24. DNA Structure Tutorial http://www.umass.edu/molvis/tutorials/dna/dnapairs.htm Conceptual design and contents: Eric Martz Original Chime version: Eric Martz Jmol implementation and current design: Angel Herráez Version 4.3, using Jmol 11.4 Offered under Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 2.5 License

  25. Where is DNA found in Eukaryotes? Campbell 8e, Fig. 6.9b

  26. How is DNA arranged in Eukaryotes? http://ghr.nlm.nih.gov/handbook/illustrations/normalkaryotype

  27. Origins of replication Short arm centromere Long arm

  28. Eukaryotes: DNA, Chromatin and Chromosomes Campbell 8e, Fig. 16.21

  29. Fig. 17-3b-3 Nuclear envelope DNA TRANSCRIPTION Pre-mRNA RNA PROCESSING mRNA TRANSLATION Ribosome Polypeptide (b) Eukaryotic cell

  30. Where is DNA found in Prokaryotes? Campbell 8e, Fig. 6.6

  31. Fig. 17-3a-2 DNA TRANSCRIPTION mRNA Ribosome TRANSLATION Polypeptide (a) Bacterial cell

  32. Application Question: Red Blood Cells If you were to study red blood cells you might come across the claim that they have no DNA (or organelles!) – they are essentially membranous sacs filled with a protein called hemoglobin. • Given what you know about the composition of DNA, how could you test this claim. Hint: Hershey and Chase

  33. How could you test whether or not RBCs have DNA?

  34. Amino Acids vs DNA

  35. DNA’s structure naturally lends itself to being replicated!!

  36. DNA Strands Are Templates for DNA Synthesis Watson and Crick suggested that the existing strands of DNA served as a template (pattern) for the production of new strands. Biologists then proposed three alternative hypotheses: • Semiconservative replication. • Conservative replication. • Dispersive replication.

  37. The Meselson-Stahl Experiment • Meselson and Stahl designedan experiment to provide more information about whether one of these hypotheses was correct.

  38. Fig. 16-9-3 A T A T A T A T C G C G C G C G A T A T A A T T T A T A T T A A C C G C G C G G (c) “Daughter” DNA molecules, each consisting of one parental strand and one new strand (b) Separation of strands (a) Parent molecule

  39. DNA Synthesis Requires a Template DNA Strand

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