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REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS & POLITICS of COOPERATION

REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS & POLITICS of COOPERATION. Latin America. EARLY MOVEMENT FOR A SPANISH AMERICAN ASSOCIATION. Breakup of four vice-royalties of Spanish American empire into eighteen separate states Desire of the eighteen for self identity tempered by security concerns

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REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS & POLITICS of COOPERATION

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  1. REGIONAL ASSOCIATIONS & POLITICS of COOPERATION Latin America

  2. EARLY MOVEMENT FOR A SPANISH AMERICAN ASSOCIATION • Breakup of four vice-royalties of Spanish American empire into eighteen separate states • Desire of the eighteen for self identity tempered by security concerns • Four congresses held between 1826 and 1865

  3. Early Spanish American Congresses and Conferences • Congress of Panama (June/July 1826) • Treat from Holy Roman Empire • First Lima Congress of Lima (December 1847-March 1848) • Preoccupation with U.S. war against Mexico • Continental Congress (Chile – 1856) • Concern with U.S. adventures in Central America • Second Lima Conference (November 1864-March 1865) • Concern over French intervention in Mexico

  4. CONTEMPORARY INTEGRATION MOVEMENTS • Followed in the aftermath of World War II • Economic efforts predominated • Desire to reduce the impact market fluctuations associated with free trade • United Nations ECLA – central institution pushing Latin American Free Trade Association • Successes of European integration reinforced desire for regional economic integration

  5. CONTEMPORARY INTEGRATION MOVEMENTS : Problems • Wide disparities in: • Size • Levels of development • Rate of growth of different economies • Level of development • Rates of economic growth • Disparities exacerbated by national rivalries and competing ideologies • Sub-regional associations predominated in practice

  6. INTEGRATION IN THE CIRCUM-CARIBBEAN • Organization of Central American States (ODECA) • Founded in 1951 • Rendered moribund by intra-regional Central American conflicts after 1979 • Central American Common Market (fate similar to ODECA) • 1991 Central American Integration System • Revived integration efforts in wake of regional peace process

  7. CARIBBEAN INTEGRATION • Caribbean Free Trade Association (CARIFTA) 1968 • Goal – free trade to eliminate tariffs and quota’s on each other’s goods 15 Full members & 5 Associate members • Map of CARICOM with full members states highlighted in green, associate members in lime green, and observers in pistachio

  8. ORGANIZATION OF EASTERN CARIBBEAN STATES • Seven small Commonwealth Caribbean Island States • U.S. invasion of Grenada (1983) deeply divided member states • Divisions have faded

  9. LATIN AMERICAN REGIONAL INTEGRATION: ALALC (LAFTA) • Treaty of Montevideo (1960) • Market area included most of South America plus Mexico • Goal – free trade area in which members eliminated tariffs of substantially all of their trade • Conflict between the “big three” and everybody else • Ceased to function by 1968

  10. TRANSREGIONAL INTEGRATION: Andean Group (ANCOM) • Cartegena Agreement signed in May 1969 • Characteristics/goals • Eliminate all trade barriers • Supreme Organ: Mixed Commission of ambassadorial representatives • Decision 24 – statue attempting to control foreign investment

  11. TRANSREGIONAL INTEGRATION: Andean Group (ANCOM) • Ups and downs • 1976 – Chile withdrew • 1981 – fighting on border between Ecuador and Peru • Revival in 1990’s

  12. TLATELOCO TREATY (Treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in Latin America) • Mexican initiative signed in 1967 • Provisions (signatories pledge not to:) • Develop, test or import nuclear weapons • Establish safeguards in conjunction with International Atomic Energy Agency

  13. TLATELOCO TREATY (Treaty for the prohibition of nuclear weapons in Latin America) • Protocol #1 • Countries with territories in L.A will not introduce nuclear weapons therein • Ratified by all relevant parties except USA, France • Protocol #2 • pledges countries already possessing nuclear weapons not to use them or threaten to use them against signatories to the treaty

  14. Resistance to Participation in Tlateloco by Latin American States • Brazil and Chile – ratified with reservation that it does not take force until all relevant parties have ratified • Argentina – signed but not ratified • Cuba – totally outside of Tlateloco

  15. GAP IN TLATELOCO REGIME • Does not unambiguously forbid peaceful nuclear explosions (PNE) • If a state has PNE there are procedures for monitoring

  16. Brazilian Ambiguity Toward Nuclear Technology • Historic Brazilian rivalry with Argentina included a nuclear dimension in the 1970’s • Abandoned with the emergence of democratic governments in both countries • 2003 - Minister of Mines of the LULA government publicly affirms the right of Brazil to retain nuclear technology of all types

  17. Continental ECONOMIC INTEGRATION: MERCOSUR • Created in 1991 • Rooted in Brazil-Argentina Program for Integration and Cooperation (1986) • Return of democracy to both countries • Increase capability to compete with NAFTA • Uruguay and Paraguay added • Headquarters: in the city of Montevideo Uruguay

  18. MERCOSUR/MERCOSUL • Success during the 1990’s but ended up favoring Brazil • Treaded water during Argentine economic crisis of 2001/02 • Importance increased after 2008 • MERCOSUR (member states • Map doesn't highlight Venezuela (full member pending on Paraguay's ratification).

  19. UNASUR: Union of South American NationsUnión de Naciones Suramericanas

  20. UNASUR THE SOUTH AMERICAN UNION OF NATIONS TREATY • Based on a shared history • Inspired by the Cusco, Brasilia, and Cochabamba Declarations • Affirm determination to build identity • Convinced unity will solve shared problems of the region • Certain integration will strengthen the rule of law • Confirming unlimited respect and indivisible human rights Chavez signing the UNASUR Treaty

  21. Objectives of UNASUR“Build integration and union in order to strengthen democracy” • Strengthen Political Dialogue • Eradicate poverty and overcome inequality • Universal literacy and access to education • Sustainable energy integration • Development of infrastructure • Financial Integration • Protection of Biodiversity • Consolidation of South American identity • Social Security and health services

  22. Economic & Social Dimensions • Economic Power • Combination of countries’ GDPs would reach more than $2.3 trillion: 7th in the world. • Immigration policy and free movement of peoples (wave visa requirements) • Greater recognition of indigenous peoples • Multinational infrastructure projects.

  23. Institutions The Bodies of UNASUR are:1. The Council of Heads of State and Government2. The Council of Ministers of Foreign Affairs3. The Council of Delegates4. The General Secretariat UNASUR meeting ---------------------------------------------------------------- Chavez hands Obama "The Open Veins of Latin America“ at an OAS meeting

  24. Basically…. “RATIFYING that fully functioning democratic institutions and the unrestricted respect for human rights are essential conditions for building a common future of peace, economic and social prosperity and for the development of integration processes among the Member States” – The South American Union of Nations Treaty

  25. UNASUR goals for the Future • Use culture as an expression to unify the region’s peoples. • Establish a common identity. • Overcome ideological obstacles. • Employment of knowledge, science, and technology.

  26. Keys for UNASUR’s Potential Influence • Success depends upon the shared interests of its members. • Some nations have a greater stake in UNASUR than others. • Venezuela • Brazil • Colombia

  27. Freedom of the Press?? • Organizational Commitment: “defend the rights of democratically elected governments against media abuses” • Nevertheless, concerns about suppression of the press

  28. Issue of US bases in Colombia • Colombian special forces raid guerrilla base in Ecuador (2009) • Strains relations with Ecuador and Venezuela • U.S. –with its bases in Colombia – viewed as instigator • Chavez uses UNASUR as a platform to attack the bases and US presence in South America • Touts creation of “peace bases” in Venezuela • counter to US military bases in Colombia • facilitate peaceful talk between Colombians and Venezuelans • Santos less hostile to Venezuela than his predecessor

  29. UNASUR & National Interests • Colombia – fears being isolated from other South American states • Venezuela - using the UNASUR to counterbalance the US in South America • Brazil – views UNASUR as forum to increase its influence in South America • Argentina – check on Brazil • Bolivia – UNASUR helps to guarantee its territorial integrity

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