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Idealism and Reform 1820s and 1930s. Great Awakening Family Political Perfection Religious Perfection Transcendentalism. The Second Great Awakening. Response to rapid economic changes Lyman Beecher 1812: neo-Calvinism New England, “free agency” Final end of old Calvinism
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Idealism and Reform1820s and 1930s Great Awakening Family Political Perfection Religious Perfection Transcendentalism
The Second Great Awakening • Response to rapid economic changes • Lyman Beecher 1812: neo-Calvinism • New England, “free agency” • Final end of old Calvinism • Charles Finney1820s: burned over region • Very charismatic, emotional release • Christianity of the Heart, God’s mercy • Free will, people in charge of their salvation • Fits in with Jacksonian Democracy
Christianity of the Heart • Christian Activism: Missionaries, Societies • Temperance: By 1850s many dry states • Abolitionism: Started w/ Quakers 1770s • American Colonization Society • William Lloyd Garrison, The Liberator, he • Is 100% for immediate emancipation • Fredrick Douglas: background • Theodore Weld: moderates split w/ Garrison
Women and the Family • Women’s Movement: from abolitionism • Elizabeth Cady Stanton • Seneca Falls Convention: July 1848 • Family Changes • Separate spheres • Women put on a pedestal: idealized • Less children: Longer childhood • EDUCATION REFORM: HORACE MANN
Secular Idealism • Asylums: Dorothy Dix • Utopian Socialism: Robert Owen • Charles Fourier • Transcendentalism: Ralph Waldo Emerson • Romanticism: Edgar Allen Poe • Henry David Thoreau: Walden & On Civil Disobedience • Brooks Farm: Hawthorn • Herman Melville
Religious Perfection • The Skakers: Ann Lee • The Oneida Community: free love • The Mormons • John Smith • Brigham Young • Utah