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Heart Rate

Heart Rate. Why does it increase???. You can measure it by taking your pulse (1 pulse= 1 heartbeat) Measure YOUR resting heart rate by counting pulse for 15 sec Multiply this by 4 to calc beats/minute Run in place for 30 seconds!! Do it! Sit down and determine your bpm again and compare.

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Heart Rate

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  1. Heart Rate Why does it increase??? You can measure it by taking your pulse (1 pulse= 1 heartbeat) Measure YOUR resting heart rate by counting pulse for 15 sec Multiply this by 4 to calc beats/minute Run in place for 30 seconds!! Do it! Sit down and determine your bpm again and compare

  2. Athletes Weightlifter 65bpm Football player 55bpm Swimmer 40bpm Marathon Runner 40bpm Why so low?

  3. ADP, ATP and Cellular Respiration

  4. Where do organisms get energy? 1 g protein=4Cal 1 g fat= 9 Cal Stored in food we eat in unit of calories calorie= amount of energy needed to raise temp of 1g water by 1°C Calorie= 1000 calories

  5. What Is ATP? Energy used by all Cells Adenosine Triphosphate Organic molecule containing high-energy Phosphate bonds

  6. Chemical Structure of ATP Adenine Base 3 Phosphates Ribose Sugar

  7. What Does ATP Do for You? It supplies YOU withENERGY!

  8. How Do We Get Energy From ATP? By breaking the high- energy bonds between the last two phosphates in ATP

  9. ADP  ATP http://biologyinmotion.com/atp/index.html This low energy ADP (Adenosine Diphosphate) needs a 3rd phosphate to make ATP Phosphorylation Requires energy

  10. When is ATP Made in the Body? During a Process called Cellular Respiration that takes place in both Plants & Animals

  11. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration YIELDS C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

  12. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration YIELDS C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy 1 1) Glucose will be broken down repeatedly, forming CO2

  13. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration YIELDS C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy NAD 2 3 2) Hydrogen gets transferred to oxygen via NAD (hydrogen holder)  forming H2O 3)

  14. Overall Equation for Cellular Respiration YIELDS C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy 4 4) Breaking apart this one glucose can give 36 ATP *40% of energy released is used to make ATP, 60% escapes as heat

  15. What happens when you workout?…. • Breaking down sugars you ate • Breathing more (O2) • Exhaling more (CO2) • Sweating more (H2O) • Get hot! C6H12O6 + 6O2 6CO2 + 6H20 + energy

  16. What Carries the Electrons? • NAD+ and FAD+ are coenzymes • NADH and FADH2 serves as carriers for H+ ions and electrons

  17. Mitochondria Structure Folds increase S.A. for reaxns

  18. What are the Stages of Cellular Respiration? • Glycolysis (cytoplasm) • The Krebs Cycle (mitochondria matrix) • The Electron Transport Chain (inner mitochondrial membrane)

  19. Diagram of the Process

  20. Glycolysis: Sugar splitting GLUCOSE C-C-C-C-C-C 2 ATP invested 4 ATP 2 NADH 2 PYRUVATE C-C-C + C-C-C NET GAIN of 2 ATP

  21. Glycolysis Summary 2 ATP Anaerobic (doesn’t use oxygen) Happens in cytoplasm of cell Glucose splits into two pyruvate molecules Produces 2 NADH and 4 ATP (net 2ATP) Occurs very quickly

  22. Krebs Cycle 2 Pyruvate C-C-C + C-C-C 2 NADH 2 CO2 2Acetyl CoA C-C + C-C C + C + C + C 2 ATP KREBS CYCLE 6 NADH 2 FADH2 4 CO2

  23. Krebs Cycle Summary Aerobic Respiration (requires O2) Occurs in mitochondria matrix (necessary enzymes there) Pyruvate (3C) Acetyl CoA (2C) CO2 Glucose gets completely broken down

  24. Krebs Cycle ATP

  25. Electron Transport Chain • Occurs Across Inner Mitochondrial membrane (cristae) • NADH and FADH2 pass e- down chain of coenzymes in membrane (like hot potato)

  26. ETC continued 32 ATP As e- travel, energy is released that pushes H+ across membrane H+ build up, and cross back through ATP synthase pump H+ unite with O2 as it comes out pump to form H2O (THIS IS WHY WE BREATHE!! 32 ATP produced

  27. Electron Transport Chain

  28. The Totals 36 ATP Together glycolysis, Krebs and ETC produce per glucose molecule 36% of glucose energy is used to make ATP, 64% gets released as heat Is this efficient?

  29. Anaerobic Respiration 2 ATP • Glycolysis • If O2 present Krebs ETC (aerobic) • If O2 is NOT present  FERMENTATION • Lactic acid (muscles, cause fatigue) • Alcoholic (breads, yeast, beer) CO2 is produced

  30. Anaerobic Respiration GLUCOSE 2 ATP 2 NADH Lactic Acid (muscles) 2 PYRUVATE FERMENTATION Alcohol (yeasts) If O2 available ------------------------- Aerobic Resp in mitochondria

  31. Lactic Acid O2 conditions like in heavy exercise (animals) Muscle cells swap to anaerobic resp until O2 becomes available (reversible) Lactic acid builds up, cause muscle fatigue

  32. Alcoholic Fermentation Yeast produce CO2 bubbles Beer alcohol and CO2 bubbles you see Pyruvates convert into ethanol and CO2 Occurs in yeasts

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