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4/2/14 QOTD

4/2/14 QOTD. Why has coal production changed from 2006 to 2013? A. it is a dirty fuel – more pollution than any other source B. mining is dangerous C. laws made it easier to use other things D. all of the above. Coal and Natural Gas. 4/3/14 - QOTD. Coal is a _____________ rock. A. Igneous

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4/2/14 QOTD

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  1. 4/2/14 QOTD • Why has coal production changed from 2006 to 2013? • A. it is a dirty fuel – more pollution than any other source • B. mining is dangerous • C. laws made it easier to use other things • D. all of the above

  2. Coal and Natural Gas

  3. 4/3/14 - QOTD • Coal is a _____________ rock. • A. Igneous • B. Metamorphic • C. Sedimentary • D. it is not a rock

  4. What is Coal? • Coal – sedimentary rock containing carbon, sulfur, and other impurities • Formed from ancient plant materials in swamps

  5. Carboniferous Period • 360-290 million years ago • Mississippian & Pennsylvanian

  6. Coal formation

  7. 4 Types • Lignite • Subbituminous • Bituminous • Anthracite

  8. 4 Coal Types • Anthracite -between 86 and 98 percent pure carbon, and a heat value of 15,000 BTUs-per-pound. Mostly used for heating. Found mostly in northeastern Pennsylvania. • Bituminous-most plentiful form of coal in the US, used primarily to generate electricity and in the steel industry. Carbon content from 45 to 86 percent and a heat value of 10,500 to 15,500 BTUs. • Subbituminous-between 35-45 percent carbon and a heat value between 8,300 and 13,000 BTUs-per-pound. Mainly found in a half-dozen Western states and Alaska. Has a lower sulfur content than other types, which makes it cleaner burning. • Lignite- a geologically young coal which has a 25-35 percent carbon content and a heat value between 4,000 and 8,300 BTUs. Also called brown coal and mainly used for electric powergeneration.

  9. 4 types of coal

  10. Where found? What do these areas tell us about what the Earth was like millions of years ago?

  11. Where found? • The world’s most abundant fossil fuel -United States – 27% ,mined in 25 states -Russia – 17% -China - 12% -India – 10% -Australia – 9%

  12. Domestic Coal Production • Wyoming 467.6 39.9% • West Virginia 157.8 13.5% • Kentucky 120.4 10.3% • Pennsylvania 65.4 5.6% • Montana 44.8 3.8% • Texas 39 3.3% • Indiana 35.9 3.1% • Illinois 32.9 2.8% • Colorado 32 2.7% • North Dakota 29.6 2.5%

  13. 4/3/14 - QOTD • Which country has the largest supply of coal? • A. US • B. Russia • C. China • D. Ukraine

  14. COAL • Produces 40% of world’s electricity • China largest producer and consumer - used for cooking and 75% of China’s electricity • China builds a new power plant every 10 days • India – 60% of its total energy from coal

  15. COAL • In 2006, US – Electricity 49% from coal, 21% natural gas, 19% nuclear, 9% renewable, 2% oil What has happened to our electrical generation since 2006?

  16. How do we harness coal? • Coal Cycle: • Extraction (mining) • Cleaning • Transportation (trucks, trains, boats) • Burning (power plant) • Ash Removal

  17. Environmental problems with extracting it • 24,000 premature deaths per year (3,000 from lung cancer) • Millions of tons of waste – ash containing mercury and other heavy metals • Dust • Subsidence • Coal Seam Fires

  18. Kingston Fossil Plant Coal fly ash slurry spill

  19. Centralia, PA

  20. Leveling of Appalachia • http://e360.yale.edu/feature/leveling_appalachia_the_legacy_of_mountaintop_removal_mining/2198/

  21. 4/5/14 - QOTD • Mountaintop Removal Mining results in… • A. polluted groundwater • B. polluted streams and rivers • C. increased flooding • D. All of the above

  22. Mining Surface mining: -Open-pit -Strip -Mountaintop Removal Subsurface Mining: -Blasting, drilling, think “October Sky”

  23. Mining • Strip away overburden (soil cover) using Earth movers • Deposit the overburden in piles called spoils • Extract the mineral deposits • Leave (sometimes restored and replanted)

  24. Mining Accidents 1. April 26, 1942 - HonkeikoColliery, China - 1,549 miners died in a mine operated in Japanese occupied Manchuria. 2. March 10, 1906 - Courrieres, France - 1,100 died in a coal dust explosion. 3. November 9, 1963 -Omuta, Japan - An explosion in a coal mine killed 447 4. October 14, 1913 -Senghenydd, Wales, Uk - The worst of the Welsh coal mining diasters killed 438 men and boys 5. January 1, 1960 - Coalbrook, South Africa - 437 casualties #1 US - December 6, 1907 - Monongah, WV - 361 casualties. The worst mining disaster in US history is said to have provided the origins of the first Father’s Day celebration. Recently – April 5th, 2010 – 29 coal miners died in West Virginia

  25. Uses besides electricity? • Mostly electricity • Coke (heat energy to make steel) • Gasification and Liquefaction (like natural gas)

  26. Problems with using coal? • Burning releases sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide, mercury, and radioactive materials • Results in… • Acid Rain • Smog • Increased Carbon Dioxide • Mercury, Selenium, and Arsenic emissions

  27. COAL • American Lung Association states- coal-fired power plants produce more hazardous air emissions than any other industrial pollution source. • Over 386,000 tons of 84 separate hazardous air pollutants spew from over 400 plants in 46 states.

  28. 4/7/14 - QOTD • Which type of coal has the greatest percentage of Carbon? • A. Lignite • B. Bituminous • C. Subbituminous • D. Anthracite

  29. Coal Graph Analysis • Make sure you have the following on your graph – Name, Title, Labeled axes, Key for each type of coal • 1) What has happened to the production of each type of coal since 1949? (list them out) • 2) What appears to have happened to the total amount of coal produced? • 3)What has happened to the population of the US since 1949? • 4) Why have we moved away from coal since 2006?

  30. pH Lab Conclusion Questions • 1) What is pH? • 2) How do we classify a pH of 0-6? 7? 8-14? • 3) What colors indicate an acid? Base? • 4) What are some of the environmental problems with acid rain? • 5) How does limestone help protect a lake from acid rain?

  31. Jigsaw reading activity • Small groups of 3 or 4, read and analyze your assigned pages • 1) Provide a short description of what your section was about • 2) Each person must complete the companion paper (graded) • 3) Share your findings with the class • 4) Copy down the “new” notes in your notebook from the board

  32. COAL Advantages • Ample Supplies • High Energy Yield • Low cost • Well-developed technology • Air pollution can be reduced ($$$$) Disadvantages • Sever land disturbance, air and water pollution • Human health threat when burned • Environmental costs not included in market prices • Large government subsidies • High CO2 when burned • Radioactive particle and mercury emissions

  33. NATURAL GAS -Natural Gas is found at the top of oil reservoir domes. -Mixture = 50-90% methane and varied amounts of Ethane, Propane, Butane, and Hydrogen Sulfide -2006 – 20% of world’s electricity produced from natural gas

  34. NATURAL GAS -Conventional Natural Gas (removed from oil reservoirs) and Unconventional Natural Gas (removed from coal beds) When removed • Propane and Butane are liquefied (LPG) • Methane is dried, cleaned of hydrogen sulfide, and pumped into pressurized pipelines

  35. Natural Gas • Russia 27% Politically Unstable Countries • Iran 15% • Qatar 14% • US 3% (we use 27%) -Larger supplies than oil, less usage than oil, will last longer than oil. -Can be liquefied for export but will then have less 1/3 the energy

  36. Natural Gas Advantages • Ample supplies • High Net Energy Yield • Low Cost • Less air pollution than other ffs • Lower CO2 emissions than other ffs • Easily transported by pipeline • Low land use Disadvantages • Non-renewable resource • Releases CO2 when burned • Government subsidies • Environmental costs not included in market prices • Difficult to transfer from one country to another • Can be shipped across ocean only as LNG – highly explosive • Sometimes burned off and wasted at wells -low price or lack of pipeline

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