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Scientific Revolution. GEOCENTRIC V. HELIOCENTRIC. Geocentric: Aristotle, Ptolemy and the Catholic church Heliocentric: Copernicus On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies … first new view of the universe in 2000 years. Ptolemy and Copernicus. Greeks: Aristotle and Ptolemy.
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GEOCENTRIC V. HELIOCENTRIC • Geocentric: Aristotle, Ptolemy and the Catholic church • Heliocentric: Copernicus • On the Revolution of Heavenly Bodies… • first new view of the universe in 2000 years
Ptolemy and Copernicus Greeks: Aristotle and Ptolemy Polish Churchman Copernicus Heliocentric Theory 30 years of analysis Based on previous studies of planetary movements Published On the Revolutions of the Heavenly Bodies at his death Angered many in both Catholic and Protestant churchs • Geocentric Theory • From Greeks to Medieval Church, the accepted view
Kepler’s Laws: Based on Recordingsof Tycho Brahe • Elliptical orbits • Planets move faster as they approach the sun in their elongated orbits • The farther away a planet, the longer it takes to orbit
4 Steps to Scientific Method 1. Choose a problem, or question 2. Make a 3. 4.
Galileo Galilei (1564-1642) • 17 year old medical student notices something: • Aristotle is wrong! • Law of the Pendulum • Mathematics professor • Tests motions
Early Discoveries • Law of the pendulum • Laws of speed • Falling and rolling objects accelerate at a fixed and predictable rate • And the telescope
Galileo Moves His Attention to the Sky • Professor at University of Padua • Telescope 1608 • He makes one based on a sketch • Useful to the seafaring merchants of Venice! Bonus! • The moon: • what did he notice here? • Why was that important? • The Starry Messenger, 1610 • Jupiter has 4 moons • Moon is not a perfect “glass sphere” • Sun spots
Galileo’s ideas spread • Physical laws were the same everywhere • Universal laws of the material world could be discovered and understood by man • Tides affected earth’s motion • 1616 Church banned Copernicus’ works • 1632 Galileo: Dialogue Concerning the Two Chief World Systems • 1633 Trial : Pope and Inquisition
The Dialogue is an argument between two men with a neutral observer… • Salviati argues for the Copernican position • Sagredo is a layman who is mostly neutral, and asks questions… • Simplicio argues for the Ptolemaic position The first 2 were named for Galileo’s friends, the last for an early Medieval supporter of geocentic views Later: Discourses on Two new Sciences Pope Urban had been friends with Galileo, and had requested him to write the dialogue but felt blind-sided by the book’s apparent bias…
Studies of the Human Body • Vesalius challenges Galen (130-200AD) • Vesalius in 1543 (same year as Copernicus published his theories) • On the Fabric of the Human Body • Harvey challenges him too • heart
New Tools • Microscope and Telescope: Janssen 1590 • Dutchman Leeuvenhoek: bacteria in salvia and blood cells : cool! • Thermometer • Galileo.. alcohol …1603 • German Fahrenheit mercury 32 to 212 • Swede Celsius :0 to 100 • Barometer 1655 • Torricelli, measures atmospheric pressure
ISAAC NEWTON1642-1727 • Newtonian physics • Gravity! • Bridges SR to Enlightenment Era (1680-1790) • More on this later…
The Growth Of the Little Netherlands • Rooted in: • Protestant Reformation • Calvinism • Religious Tolerance • Biggest publisher of books in Europe • Scientific Revolution • Commercial Revolution • Pioneered corporations Cosmos: Scientific Revolution in Netherlands • Carl Sagan: How far we’ve come in 30 years! Pendulum-driven clock, 1657 Christiaan Huygens: one amazing Dutchman