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Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earth’s Atmosphere Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 3 Air Currents Lesson 4 Air Quality Chapter Wrap-Up. Chapter Menu. How does Earth’s atmosphere affect life on Earth?. Chapter Introduction. What do you think?.

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  1. Chapter Introduction Lesson 1 Earth’s Atmosphere Lesson 2 Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere Lesson 3Air Currents Lesson 4 Air Quality Chapter Wrap-Up Chapter Menu

  2. How does Earth’s atmosphere affect life on Earth? Chapter Introduction

  3. What do you think? Before you begin, decide if you agree or disagree with each of these statements. As you view this presentation, see if you change your mind about any of the statements. Chapter Introduction

  4. 1. Air is empty space. 2. Earth’s atmosphere is important to living organisms. 3. All the energy from the Sun reaches Earth’s surface. 4. Earth emits energy back into the atmosphere. Do you agree or disagree? Chapter Introduction

  5. 5. Uneven heating in different parts of the atmosphere creates air circulation patterns. 6. Warm air sinks and cold air rises. 7. If no humans lived on Earth, there would be no air pollution. 8. Pollution levels in the air are not measured or monitored. Do you agree or disagree? Chapter Introduction

  6. Earth’s Atmosphere • How did Earth’s atmosphere form? • What is Earth’s atmosphere made of? • What are the layers of the atmosphere? • How do air pressure and temperature change as altitude increases? Lesson 1 Reading Guide - KC

  7. Earth’s Atmosphere • atmosphere • water vapor • troposphere • stratosphere • ozone layer • ionosphere Lesson 1 Reading Guide - Vocab

  8. Importance of Earth’s Atmosphere • The atmosphere is a thin layer of gases surrounding Earth. • The atmosphere contains the oxygen and water necessary for life on Earth. • The atmosphere provides insulation and helps keep temperatures on Earth within a range in which living organisms can survive. Lesson 1-1

  9. Importance of Earth’s Atmosphere(cont.) The atmosphere helps protect living organisms from some of the Sun’s harmful rays and meteorites. atmosphere from Greek atmos, means “vapor”; and Latin sphaera,means “sphere” Lesson 1-1

  10. Origins of Earth’s Atmosphere • Erupting volcanoes emitting hot gases from ancient Earth’s interior surrounded the planet to form an atmosphere. • Ancient Earth’s atmosphere was thought to be water vapor with a little carbon dioxide and nitrogen, but not enough oxygen to support life. • Water vapor is water in gaseous form. Lesson 1-2

  11. Origins of Earth’s Atmosphere(cont.) • As Earth and its atmosphere cooled, the water vapor condensed into liquid, rain fell, and then evaporated from Earth’s surface for thousands of years. • Eventually water began to accumulate on Earth’s surface, forming oceans. • Earth’s first organisms could undergo photosynthesis, which changed the atmosphere. Lesson 1-2

  12. Origins of Earth’s Atmosphere(cont.) • The organisms removed CO2 from the atmosphere and released oxygen into it. • Eventually the levels of CO2 and oxygen supported the development of other organisms. Lesson 1-2

  13. Origins of Earth’s Atmosphere(cont.) How did Earth’s present atmosphere form? Lesson 1-2

  14. Composition of the Atmosphere • Today’s atmosphere is mostly made up of invisible gases, including nitrogen, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. • About 78 percent of the atmosphere is nitrogen, and about 21 percent is oxygen. • The amounts of water vapor, carbon dioxide, and ozone vary. Lesson 1-3

  15. Acids in the air are formed when sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide combine with water vapor. PhotoLink/Getty Images Lesson 1-3

  16. Composition of the Atmosphere(cont.) • Many tiny solid particles, such as pollen, dust, and salt, can enter the atmosphere through natural processes. • Solid particles of ash from volcanic eruptions and exhaust soot from cars are also present in the atmosphere. Lesson 1-3

  17. One way solid particles enter the atmosphere is from volcanic eruptions. C. Sherburne/PhotoLink/Getty Images Lesson 1-3

  18. Composition of the Atmosphere(cont.) • The most common liquid particles in the atmosphere are water droplets. • Though microscopic in size, water particles are visible when they form clouds. • Other atmospheric liquids include acids that result when volcanoes erupt and fossil fuels are burned. Lesson 1-3

  19. Composition of the Atmosphere(cont.) Acids in the air are formed when sulfur dioxide and nitrous oxide combine with water vapor. What is Earth’s atmosphere made of? Lesson 1-3

  20. Layers of the Atmosphere The atmosphere has several different layers, each with its own unique properties. Lesson 1-4

  21. Layers of the Atmosphere(cont.) • The atmospheric layer closest to Earth’s surface is called the troposphere. • The troposphere extends from Earth’s surface to altitudes between 8-15 km. • The temperature of the troposphere decreases as you move away from Earth. Lesson 1-4

  22. Layers of the Atmosphere(cont.) • Sunlight passes through the atmosphere, warms Earth’s surface, and the warmth is radiated to the troposphere, causing weather. • The stratosphere is the atmospheric layer directly above the troposphere. Lesson 1-4

  23. Layers of the Atmosphere(cont.) • The stratosphere extends from about 15 km to about 50 km above Earth’s surface. • The area of the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone is referred to as the ozone layer. • The presence of the ozone layer causes the stratospheric temperatures to increase with altitude. Lesson 1-4

  24. Layers of the Atmosphere(cont.) • Ozone has three oxygen atoms and absorbs the Sun’s ultraviolet rays more effectively than oxygen. • Ozone protects Earth from ultraviolet rays that can kill plants, animals, and other organisms and cause skin cancer in humans. Lesson 1-4

  25. Layers of the Atmosphere(cont.) • Combined, the mesosphere and thermosphere are much thicker than the troposphere and the stratosphere, yet only 1 percent of the atmosphere’s gas molecules are found in the mesosphere and thermosphere. • Most meteors burn up in the mesosphere and thermosphere instead of striking Earth. Lesson 1-4

  26. The ionosphere is a region within the mesosphere and thermosphere containing ions. • The ionosphere’s ions reflect AM radio waves transmitted at ground level. Lesson 1-4

  27. Auroras occur in the ionosphere when ions from the Sun strike air molecules, causing them to emit vivid colors of light. Per Breiehagen/Getty Images Lesson 1-4

  28. Layers of the Atmosphere(cont.) • The exosphere is the atmospheric layer farthest from Earth’s surface where pressure and density are so low that individual gas molecules rarely strike one another. • The molecules move at incredibly fast speeds after absorbing the Sun’s radiation and can escape the pull of gravity and travel into space. Lesson 1-4

  29. Layers of the Atmosphere(cont.) What are the layers of the atmosphere? Lesson 1-4

  30. Air Pressure and Altitude • Gravity pulls the atmosphere toward Earth, creating air pressure. • At higher altitudes, the air is less dense and air pressure is lower. • At lower altitudes, the air is denser and air pressure is higher. Lesson 1-5

  31. Temperature and Altitude • Temperature changes in different ways as altitude increases in the different layers of the atmosphere. • In the troposphere, temperature decreases as altitude increases. • In the stratosphere, temperature increases as altitude increases because of the high concentration of ozone. Lesson 1-6

  32. Temperature and Altitude(cont.) • In the mesosphere, as altitude increases, temperature again decreases. • In the thermosphere and exosphere, temperatures increase as altitude increases. Lesson 1-6

  33. Lesson 1-6

  34. Temperature and Altitude(cont.) How does temperature change as altitude increases? Lesson 1-6

  35. Earth’s atmosphere consists of gases that make life possible. PhotoLink/Getty Images Lesson 1 - VS

  36. Layers of the atmosphere include the troposphere, the stratosphere, the mesosphere, the thermosphere, and the exosphere. Per Breiehagen/Getty Images Lesson 1 - VS

  37. The ozone layer is the area in the stratosphere with a high concentration of ozone. Lesson 1 - VS

  38. Where did hot gases that created Earth’s atmosphere come from? A. the Sun B. erupting volcanoes C. the air D. the ocean Lesson 1 – LR1

  39. What is about 78 percent of Earth’s atmosphere made of? A. nitrogen B. oxygen C. ozone D. carbon dioxide Lesson 1 – LR2

  40. What is the region within the mesosphere and thermosphere containing ions? A. exosphere B. stratosphere C. ozone layer D. ionosphere Lesson 1 – LR3

  41. 1. Air is empty space. 2. Earth’s atmosphere is important to living organisms. Do you agree or disagree? Lesson 1 - Now

  42. Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere • How does energy transfer from the Sun to Earth and the atmosphere? • How are air circulation patterns within the atmosphere created? Lesson 2 Reading Guide - KC

  43. Energy Transfer in the Atmosphere • radiation • conduction • convection • stability • temperature inversion Lesson 2 Reading Guide - Vocab

  44. Energy from the Sun • Radiation is the transfer of energy by electromagnetic waves. • Ninety-nine percent of the radiation from the Sun consists of visible light, ultraviolet light, and infrared radiation. • The majority of sunlight is visible light that passes through the atmosphere to Earth’s surface, where it is converted to heat. Lesson 2-1

  45. Energy from the Sun(cont.) • The wavelengths of ultraviolet (UV) light and infrared radiation (IR) are just beyond the range of visibility to human eyes. • UV light is harmful to human skin and IR can be sensed as thermal energy or warmth. • As energy from the Sun is absorbed by Earth, it is radiated back as IR. Lesson 2-1

  46. Energy on Earth As Sun’s radiation passes through the atmosphere, some of it is absorbed and some of it is reflected back into space. reflect Science Use to return light, heat, sound, etc., after it strikes a surface Common Use to think quietly and calmly Lesson 2-2

  47. Energy on Earth(cont.) • Gases and particles in the atmosphere absorb about 20 percent of incoming solar radiation. • Oxygen, ozone, and water vapor all absorb incoming ultraviolet radiation. • Water and carbon dioxide in the troposphere absorb some infrared radiation from the Sun. Lesson 2-2

  48. Energy on Earth(cont.) • About 30 percent of incoming radiation is reflected into space. • Bright surfaces, especially clouds, reflect incoming radiation, and some is reflected at Earth’s surface. • Earth’s surface only receives and absorbs about 50 percent of incoming solar radiation. Lesson 2-2

  49. Radiation Balance • The amount of radiation Earth receives from the Sun is the same as the amount Earth radiates into the atmosphere. • This radiation balance maintains an overall temperature on Earth. Lesson 2-3

  50. The Greenhouse Effect • Some of the gases in the atmosphere, called greenhouse gases, act like the glass of a greenhouse, allowing sunlight to pass through but preventing some of Earth’s IR energy from escaping. • When gases in Earth’s atmosphere direct radiation back toward Earth’s surface, this warms Earth’s atmosphere more than normal, creating a heat surplus. Lesson 2-4

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