Metabolism

1. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Metabolism Chapter 7

2. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Metabolism: Metabolism: refers to the entire network of chemical processes involved in maintaining life. Energy metabolism: the ways that the body obtains and spends energy from food.

3. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Anabolism: The building of compounds from small molecules into larger ones. Energy is used for this process to take place. Catabolism: The breakdown of molecules into smaller units. Energy is released in this process. Ex: Glucose catabolism results in the release of CO2 and H2O

4. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate): The main energy source of cells. Used for muscular contractions, enzyme activity, etc. Catabolism results in the production of many ATP molecules: energy. Used by the body when energy is needed. Hydrolysis breaks the bonds in ATP, thus releasing energy. When a bond is broken, as in the case of a glucose molecule being broken into CO2 and H2O during catabolism, energy is released in the process. Some of this energy is trapped for cell use, and the rest is lost as heat. Bonds within the ATP molecule, contain a high amount of energy. When energy is needed in the body, these bonds are broken, which splits of a phosphate group. Energy is released that can aid in anabolic reactions. When a bond is broken, as in the case of a glucose molecule being broken into CO2 and H2O during catabolism, energy is released in the process. Some of this energy is trapped for cell use, and the rest is lost as heat. Bonds within the ATP molecule, contain a high amount of energy. When energy is needed in the body, these bonds are broken, which splits of a phosphate group. Energy is released that can aid in anabolic reactions.

5. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Metabolic Efficiency: Food energy is converted to ATP with approximately 50% efficiency. The other 50% is released as heat. When ATP is needed for energy, ~50% are used. Overall: 25% of food becomes energy 75% is released as heat.

6. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz The Cell: Q: Approximately how many cells does the human body contain? A: 1x1014 cells or 100,000,000,000,000. (100 trillion cells)

7. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz The Cell: The site for metabolic activity. Liver cells are the most metabolically active.

8. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz How is energy produced? Three stages: 1. Proteins, Carbohydrates and Fats are broken down during digestion and absorption into smaller units: AA�s monosaccharides and fatty acids. 2. These smaller compounds are further broken down into 2-carbon compounds. 3. Compounds are degraded into CO2 and H20.

9. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Helpers in reactions: Enzymes: proteins that facilitate chemical reactions without being changed in the process; protein catalysts. Coenzymes: assist enzymes in their activities.

10. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Breakdown of nutrients for energy: Glucose breakdown Glycerol and Fatty Acid breakdown Amino Acid breakdown

11. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz 1. Glucose breakdown Glycolysis: A reaction in which glucose is degraded to pyruvate; net profit: 2 ATP. An anaerobic pathway. Glucose Pyruvate Lactic Acid Acetyl CoA Glucose is degraded into pyruvate with the end result being ATP. A cell can take pyruvate and make glucose� a reversed process. But, this requires energy. Degrading glucose into pyruvate requires a tiny amount of energy, but the energy it gains from the reaction is much larger. Compounds that can be converted to pyruvate can be used to make glucose. If the cell needs energy and oxygen is available, pyruvate is degraded into Acetyl CoA If energy is not needed in the body, acetyl COA will be used to make fatty acids� increases the fat stores. If less oxygen is available, the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.This is an anaerobic reaction that occurs during high-intensity exercise. This occurs when physical activity exceeds the rate at which the heart and lungs can deliver oxygen to and clear CO2 from the muscles. This lactic acid can be converted by the liver to glucose in a recycling process called the Cori cycle. Glucose is degraded into pyruvate with the end result being ATP. A cell can take pyruvate and make glucose� a reversed process. But, this requires energy. Degrading glucose into pyruvate requires a tiny amount of energy, but the energy it gains from the reaction is much larger. Compounds that can be converted to pyruvate can be used to make glucose. If the cell needs energy and oxygen is available, pyruvate is degraded into Acetyl CoA If energy is not needed in the body, acetyl COA will be used to make fatty acids� increases the fat stores. If less oxygen is available, the pyruvate is converted to lactic acid.This is an anaerobic reaction that occurs during high-intensity exercise. This occurs when physical activity exceeds the rate at which the heart and lungs can deliver oxygen to and clear CO2 from the muscles. This lactic acid can be converted by the liver to glucose in a recycling process called the Cori cycle.

12. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Page 211 in your text book.Page 211 in your text book.

13. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz

14. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz 2. Glycerol and Fatty Acid breakdown Triglycerides are broken into:Glycerol and Fatty Acids (lipolysis). Glucose Glycerol Pyruvate Fatty acids Acetyl CoA Glycerol is easily converted to a 3-carbon compound that can be converted to pyruvate or can up up the chain to be converted to glucose. Fatty acids cannot be converted to pyruvate. But, they can be converted to acetyl CoA. These fatty acid fragments that are used to make pyruvate cannot be sent back up the chain to make glucose. Thus, fatty acids cannot be used to make glucose. Only 5% of the weight of a triglyceride is glycerol. The rest are fatty acids. So, 95% of the triglyceride molecule cannot be converted into glucose. Glycerol is NOT a viable source of glucose in the body.Glycerol is easily converted to a 3-carbon compound that can be converted to pyruvate or can up up the chain to be converted to glucose. Fatty acids cannot be converted to pyruvate. But, they can be converted to acetyl CoA. These fatty acid fragments that are used to make pyruvate cannot be sent back up the chain to make glucose. Thus, fatty acids cannot be used to make glucose. Only 5% of the weight of a triglyceride is glycerol. The rest are fatty acids. So, 95% of the triglyceride molecule cannot be converted into glucose. Glycerol is NOT a viable source of glucose in the body.

15. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz 3. Amino Acid breakdown Glucose Amino Acids Pyruvate Amino Acids Acetyl CoA Amino Acids TCA Cycle If amino acids are consumed in excess or if they are needed for energy, they enter a metabolic pathway. They can be 1. Converted to glucose, 2. Converted to Acetyl CoA or 3. Be sent straight to the TCA cycle. First, the AA�s must be deaminated, meaning they have their Nitrogen group. If the AA are converted to acetyl Coa and energy is not needed, the Acetyl Coa is converted to fatty acids and stored.If amino acids are consumed in excess or if they are needed for energy, they enter a metabolic pathway. They can be 1. Converted to glucose, 2. Converted to Acetyl CoA or 3. Be sent straight to the TCA cycle. First, the AA�s must be deaminated, meaning they have their Nitrogen group. If the AA are converted to acetyl Coa and energy is not needed, the Acetyl Coa is converted to fatty acids and stored.

16. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz 3. Amino Acid breakdown (cont.) Deamination: AA Keto acid and Ammonia Transamination Ammonia Urea in the Liver Urea excreted via the kidneys Water needed for urea excretion Pages 218-219 Deamination: AA�s are broken down, first the nitrogen �containing amino group must be released.This leads to 1. Keto acid and 2. Ammonia Transamination: The liver can use the keto-acids to synthesize nonessential amino acids. In the deamination reactions, ammonia is produced. Remaining ammonia is combined with Co2 to make urea, a much less toxic compound than ammonia. Urea is released into the blood and is removed from the blood by the kidneys for excretion in the urine. The amount of protein ingested is related to the amount of urea that will need to be excreted. If not enough water is consumed in extremely high protein diets, the urea cannot be excreted from the body and will accumulate in the blood. Pages 218-219 Deamination: AA�s are broken down, first the nitrogen �containing amino group must be released.This leads to 1. Keto acid and 2. Ammonia Transamination: The liver can use the keto-acids to synthesize nonessential amino acids. In the deamination reactions, ammonia is produced. Remaining ammonia is combined with Co2 to make urea, a much less toxic compound than ammonia. Urea is released into the blood and is removed from the blood by the kidneys for excretion in the urine. The amount of protein ingested is related to the amount of urea that will need to be excreted. If not enough water is consumed in extremely high protein diets, the urea cannot be excreted from the body and will accumulate in the blood.

17. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz The TCA Cycle: Functions to convert Acetyl CoA to CO2 and to produce energy. Oxaloacetate combines with Acetyl CoA to begin the cycle. The result: produces potential ATP (energy). Also called the Kreb�s cycle, the Citric Acid Cycle. Oxaloacetate is crucial in facilitating the activity of the TCA cycle. It is a carbohydrate intermediate. If Oxaloacetate is deficient, as may be the case in a low carb diet, cells face an energy shortage.Also called the Kreb�s cycle, the Citric Acid Cycle. Oxaloacetate is crucial in facilitating the activity of the TCA cycle. It is a carbohydrate intermediate. If Oxaloacetate is deficient, as may be the case in a low carb diet, cells face an energy shortage.

18. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz The Electron Transport Chain: The primary site for ATP (energy) synthesis. Uses Oxygen to convert products of the TCA cycle into energy. Energy is captured within bonds of the ATP molecules. Proteins serve as carriers within a cell, each carrier receives electrons (down a chain-like process).Little energy is released as heat, most of the energy is stored within the bonds of the ATP.Energy is captured within bonds of the ATP molecules. Proteins serve as carriers within a cell, each carrier receives electrons (down a chain-like process).Little energy is released as heat, most of the energy is stored within the bonds of the ATP.

19. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Why is fat higher in energy? Text page 221. Fat has many C-H bonds, making oxidation abundant. Glucose molecules have some O already bound to the C bonds. Thus, not much is there for oxidation to take place. Thus, much more energy can be released from fat, making it the ideal energy storage form. Text page 221. Fat has many C-H bonds, making oxidation abundant. Glucose molecules have some O already bound to the C bonds. Thus, not much is there for oxidation to take place. Thus, much more energy can be released from fat, making it the ideal energy storage form.

20. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz Weight Maintenance: Dietary fat can be easily transformed into body fat. Surplus protein leads to: 1. Replacing daily losses. 2. Increased protein oxidation (energy). 3. Storage as fat. Surplus carbohydrate leads to: 1. Storage as glycogen. 2. Increased CHO oxidation (variable w/ diet). 3. Storage as fat. The process of changing dietary fat into body fat is one of the simplest processes in the human body. That is why over-consumption leads to increased fat stores. Making fat is a low priority for Cho and protein b�c they have other rolls in the body. But, if eaten in excess, they too will become fat. The more protein and CHO in the diet as fuel, the less fat is used as fuel. When protein is eaten in excess, it first replaces daily protein losses, then begins to increase its own oxidation, or breakdown. Quickly, though it begins to be stored as fat. The same is true for CHO� when eaten in excess, it is stored as glycoge. When the glycogen is full, CHO increases its own oxidation, which displaces the oxidation of PRO and FAT. Soon, it too is stored as fat. When CHO is eaten in excess, it displaces the oxidation of fat and protein in the diet, leading to obesity. Consuming excess dat does not promote fat oxidation. Instead, it is efficiently moved into the fat storesThe process of changing dietary fat into body fat is one of the simplest processes in the human body. That is why over-consumption leads to increased fat stores. Making fat is a low priority for Cho and protein b�c they have other rolls in the body. But, if eaten in excess, they too will become fat. The more protein and CHO in the diet as fuel, the less fat is used as fuel. When protein is eaten in excess, it first replaces daily protein losses, then begins to increase its own oxidation, or breakdown. Quickly, though it begins to be stored as fat. The same is true for CHO� when eaten in excess, it is stored as glycoge. When the glycogen is full, CHO increases its own oxidation, which displaces the oxidation of PRO and FAT. Soon, it too is stored as fat. When CHO is eaten in excess, it displaces the oxidation of fat and protein in the diet, leading to obesity. Consuming excess dat does not promote fat oxidation. Instead, it is efficiently moved into the fat stores

21. Metabolism: FON 241; L. Zienkewicz The body�s #1 priority: Meet its energy needs. Pages 225-226 give a recap on fasting and the effects of restricting macronutrients in the diet. Slowing metabolism; the body�s way of conserving energy. Energy output is reduced, Fat and lean tissue are conserved. Read the alcohol and nutrition section in your book!!!Pages 225-226 give a recap on fasting and the effects of restricting macronutrients in the diet. Slowing metabolism; the body�s way of conserving energy. Energy output is reduced, Fat and lean tissue are conserved. Read the alcohol and nutrition section in your book!!!