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Undertaking reforms: The roadmap to better service delivery. Dennis D. Mwanza, Water Utility Partnership for capacity building in Africa. Challenge of WSS/MDGs in Africa.
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Undertaking reforms: The roadmap to better service delivery Dennis D. Mwanza, Water Utility Partnership for capacity building in Africa
Challenge of WSS/MDGs in Africa • Scale: Service 350m people in Africa, double water (15-30 m/p/yr), triple sanitation (10-30 m/p/yr). Huge investment ($23bn) • Sanitation is greatest challenge • Slum services - now 56% of Africa’s population and increasing at 6% • Rehab/maint. backlog
Problems of urban areas…… • Most cities urbanising at alarming rates (4 to 6% per year) most of them poor • Mushrooming of informal settlements now accounting for 40 – 70% of pop. • Characteristics of the informal settlements: • Inadequate access to Water and Sanitation • Poor housing structures, roads, communication facilities • High mortality rates • Decline economic performance in many cities
Utilities not delivering (?) • Most public utilities not meeting demand especially the urban poor • Even with decades of Investments in urban water supply and sanitation • Why are utilities not delivering?
Utilities not delivering (?) • Poor choices of sectoral policies, institutional arrangements regulatory frameworks • Tariff levels not covering costs • Subsidies (where they exist) not working for the benefit of the poor • Utility inefficiencies as evidenced by high UFW, poor account collections, shortage of motivated and highly skilled personnel
The ROADMAP • Initiating reforms –Guiding principles • Degree of independence of public utility • Financial situation of the sector • Size of the utility/Country –single or multi-sector utility –Casablanca, Benin, CAR • Investments requirements • Staffing and Human resources –move with the labour movement • Availability of reliable information
KEY STEPS • Strategic assessment of WSS Sector • Political commitment • Establishment of a reform Task Force/Secretariat • Development of financial model for the sector • Communication and concensus building • Define reform objectives
Institutional arrangements Policy Regulation Investment Central Govt Public Municipality Actual provision Public Utility Management Private Lease Concession
Institutional structures in ESAR • Policy making –Government Ministry responsible for Water • Separation of Water Resources Management and Water Supply Operations (Cote d’Ivoire, Zambia, SA given the responsibility to LA, Tanzania decentralised but through MWLD) • Central Africa –common –Min of Water deals with both
Institutional Structures…… Regulation: • Zambia and Mozambique with Statutory single sector regulatory bodies. Ghana, Mali –Water and electrcty–Some are in the process of establishing incl. Tanzania, Kenya • Others use Govt Depts, AHC (Sen, Niger) • Clearly any reform programme should result in establishment of regulatory mechanism –Independence, expertise, accountability, transparency, autonomy, consider interests of stakeholders • All must be regulated –Public sector as well as Private sector
Provision of services…..who manages? • Government Department/Ministry –Not in major urban cities • Local Authorities –Zimb, Kenya, Zamb, SA –not common in Francophone but being considered in Cote d’Ivoire, Benin • Public (Parastatal) Companies –the case in most Countries –two types: • Formed by Central Govt (common in West Africa, Madag, Mauri, Botswana, Namibia, Malawi) • Formed by Decentralised units –Zambia (CUs), Tanzania (UWSAs), SA, Morocco (Regies autonomes)
Examples of PSP arrangements • Concession: Cote d’Ivoire (2007), Congo (B), Gabon, Morocco (Casa), Cape verde (50 yr concession contract), Mali • Lease: Senegal, Niger, Mozambique, SA • Management Contract: CAR, AHC, SA • Service Contract: Kampala,
THE CHALLENGE REFORM • Not ready to use institutional option • Wide variety of options exist • A CLEAR TRANSPARENT SYSTEM • Reform must benefit all especially the urban poor. • Reform must be clearly understood as targetting performance improvement, increasing accessibility and not synonymous with