End of Spanish Rule

1. End of Spanish Rule Chapter 6

2. Vocabulary • Alliance • Filibuster • Liberation • Republic • Vaquero • Lariat

3. Spanish Texas 1763-1819 Section 1

4. Spain Acquires Louisiana • After the Seven Year’s War (1756-1763), the Treaty of Paris was signed. • Spain received New Orleans and all French land west of the Mississippi (Louisiana). • The boundary between the Spanish territory and foreign territory was the Mississippi River.

5. Spain Closes East Texas Missions • Since Spain controlled the land west of present-day Texas, they felt that there was no need to have missions and presidios in East Texas. • The Spanish government sent the Marqués de Rubì, a Spanish officer, to investigate the need for missions. • After traveling through New Spain, he realized that there was a great difference between what Spain claimed and what it controlled. • He suggested that Spain abandon all its missions in Texas except those at San Antonio and Goliad. • He recommended that Spanish settlers in East Texas should move closer to San Antonio for protection. • He asked for a line of 15 forts stretching across northern Mexico from near Laredo to the Gulf of California. • In 1773, the new Spanish governor of Texas, the Baron de Ripperda closed the missions and ordered the 500 settlers to move to San Antonio. • Rubì wanted Spain to create an alliance, or working agreement, with the Comanche so that they could both fight against the Apaches.

6. Nacagdoches Founded • The leader of the East Texans, Gil Ybarbo (HEEL ee BAHR boh), pleaded for permission for all the families to return to their former homes. • Governor de Ripperda refused, but allowed them to settle along the Trinity River. • In 1774, they settled near present-day Madisonville. They named their town Bucareli after a Spanish lieutenant general and viceroy. • The small colony did well for four years. • Then crop failure, a smallpox epidemic, and conflict with the Comanche forced the colonists to move. • In 1779, Ybarbo led the settlers back into the East Texas area where they built the town of Nacogdoches near the abandoned Mission Guadalupe.

7. Settlers Face Many Dangers • Spain tried to colonize Texas throughout the late 1700s, but conflict with the Apaches and Comanche interfered. • Spain did not have enough troops to safeguard the area and therefore, Spain was losing its hold on Texas. • In the 1790s, Spain stopped funding the Texas missions and insisted that the churches support themselves. • Governor Domingo Cabello said: • “There is not an instant by day or night when reports do not arrive from all these ranches of barbarities and disorders falling on us. Totally unprotected as we are, they will result in the absolute destruction and loss of this province.”

8. Spain Helps the American Colonists • At the same time that the Spanish were struggling, Americans east of the Mississippi River were fighting for independence from Great Britain. • During this time, both France and Spain supported the colonists. • Bernardo de Galvez, governor of Spanish-held Louisiana, opened the port of New Orleans. • Here, American ships were supplied weapons, clothing, money, and medical supplies. • Spain entered the war in 1779 and raised an army of soldiers from Spain, Mexico, and Cuba. • This army kept New Orleans and the lower Mississippi Valley out of British hands.

9. Treaty of Paris – 1783 • After the American Revolution, British and American leaders signed a peace treaty. • Great Britain recognized the U.S. as an independent nation. • The new nation’s boundaries were set at Canada in the North, the Mississippi River in the West, and Florida in the South. • Spain’s claim to Florida was reconfirmed, and both the U.S. and Great Britain were granted trading rights on the Mississippi.

11. The United States Buys Louisiana • In 1800, Spain was forced to give Louisiana back to France. • Three years later, in 1803, the U.S. purchased the Louisiana Territory from France for about $15 million. • The territory doubled the size of the U.S. • This is known as the infamous Louisiana Purchase. • The Americans, previously colonists in 1760, had began moving westward to the Appalachian Mountains. • During the Revolution they migrated over the mountains into Tennessee and Kentucky. • With the purchase of Louisiana, Anglos pushed across the Mississippi toward Spanish-held Texas.

12. Diputes About Boundaries • U.S. claimed that the boundary between Spanish Texas and Louisiana extended at least to the Sabine River and possibly include Texas. • Spain claimed that the eastern boundary was a line from the Arroyo Hondo to the Calcasieu (KAL kuh shoo) River in Louisiana. • Finally James Wilkinson, the commander of United States forces in Louisiana, and Colonel Simon de Herrera, the commander of Spanish troops in East Texas compromised. • Neither Spain nor the U.S. would occupy the area between the Sabine River and the Arroyo Hondo-Calcasieu line. • This territory became the Neutral Ground. • In 1819, the U.S. and Spain signed the Adams-Onis Treaty. • Spain transferred Florida to the U.S. and agreed to the Sabine River as the eastern boundary. • The U.S. surrendered all claims to Texas. • The Neutral Ground was now in U.S. territory.

14. Unrest Grows in Texas Section 2

15. Hidalgo Calls for Independence • Mexicans were unhappy under Spanish rule. • The best jobs were reserved for men sent from Spain. • Spain increased Mexican taxes to help pay for wars in Europe. • September 16, 1810 – Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla issued a call for freedom from Spain (grito). • For a while, he tried capturing Mexico City. • In 1811, he was captured and executed. • Juan Bautista de las Casas seized San Antonio and other Texas towns. • Juan Zambrano caputured Casas on March 2, 1811 and the Spanish regained control over Texas.

16. Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition • Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara was sent to the U.S. for money and supplies. • His plan was to invade Texas and free it from Spanish rule. • He recruited soldiers to help in the liberation, or freeing, of Texas. • Augustus Magee, an American lieutenant, resigned and joined Gutiérrez. • Their goal was to form a republic – a government in which the people voted for who would represent them. • The army was called the Republican Army of the North. • August 1812 – the army (Gutiérrez, Magee, Tejanos, Native Americans, and Anglo Americans) crossed the Sabine River and captured Nacogdoches. • The army – 300 strong – captured Goliad in November • Spanish fought back and Magee died – Samuel Kemper replaced him.

17. Spanish Surrender and One Last Fight • By February, the Spanish troops suffered heavy losses. • They retreated from Goliad toward San Antonio. • Kemper and his men chased the retreating Spanish troops. • Spanish troops were defeated on March 29, 1813. • Spanish officials surrendered San Antonio. • The leaders of the Republican army issued a declaration of independence for Texas. • August 1813 – Spanish forces led by General Joaquìn de Arredondo fought the Republican army near the Medina River (20 miles south of S.A.). • The Spanish won. • Goliad and Nacogdoches were now deserted.

18. Revolutionaries and Pirates • Some revolutionaries found safe ground on Galveston Island. • They secured the aid of the French pirate Louis Michael Aury (OH ree). • For several months Aury captured Spanish vessels along the coast of Texas. • Aury sailed on to Florida where he joined British adventurers trying to seize that area from the Spanish. • Pirate Jean Laffite took over Galveston Island. • He pretended to support Mexican troops, but he really wanted the valuable cargo on Spanish ships. • He fled south to the Caribbean Islands. • Legend has it that he buried a treasure of gold and silver on one of the islands along the Gulf Coast, but the treasure has never been found.

19. Spain Exiles French Colonists • A group of French colonists led by Charles François Lallemand (frahn SWAH lahl leh MAHN) settled on the Trinity River near present-day Liberty. • With 120 men and women, Lallemand buitl two small forts. • The Spanish governor in Texas sent troops to remove the colonists. • Fearing this threat, the French colonists abandoned the colony in July 1818.

20. James Long Invades Texas • James Long of Natchez, Mississippi, was angry with the Adams-Onís Treaty of 1819. • In the Summer of 1819, Long led a force into Texas and captured the nearly-deserted town of Nacogdoches. • He declared Texas free and independent and was elected president. • Long traveled to Galveston to ask Laffite for help, but he refused. • During this trip, Long’s men were attacked and defeated in East Texas. • Long returned to New Orleans for more recruits and invaded Texas by sea. • Long and his army captured Goliad, but were surrounded by Spanish troops and forced to surrender. • Long was taken to Mexico City, where he was killed by a guard.

21. Spanish Rule Ends in Texas Section 3

22. Texas at the End of Spain's Rule • In September 1821, Mexico became independent from Spain. • Texas had been under Spanish rule for over 300 years, but not much growth occurred. • Settlements included: San Antonio, Goliad, Nacogdoches, Laredo (not considered part of Texas), and Ysleta (considered part of New Mexico).

23. Spanish Neglect • Reasons why settler were not attracted to Texas: • No gold or silver to lure fortune hunters. • Mexico City was already developed into a sophisticated city (universities, artist, physicians, etc.). • Politicians knew they needed Mexico City if they wanted to get ahead. • Farmers and cattle ranchers preferred more fertile areas of Mexico and the Pacific slopes of California. • There was still plenty of room in the well-established regions of Mexico. • Native Americans in Texas were unfriendly, whereas Native Americans in Mexico were friendly.

24. Spanish Legacy • The Spanish left their mark in Texas. How? • Many places in Texas have Spanish names. • Amarillo, El Paso, San Antonio, Llano, Del Rio Ganado, Laredo, etc. • The Spaniards laid out the first roads. • El Camino Real, a.k.a. the Royal Highway, ran through Nacogdoches and San Antonio where it branched to San Juan Bautista and Laredo before meeting up in Saltillo. • Atascocita oad in 1760 was used for military purposes. It runs through present-day Beaumont, Liberty, and Houston. It connected Texas to Louisiana. Today, HW 90 follows a similar path. • Horses, cattle, sheep, and pig were brought into Texas. • Along with these came lariats and chaps. • Vaqueros created the first long cattle drives from South Texas to markets in Louisiana. • Spanish customs were adapted. • This helped create the Tejano culture that we still know today. • Nearly six million Texans today have Spanish names. • Many more speak, read, and write Spanish.