End of Spanish Rule in Texas: Louisiana Treaty to the Adams-Onís Treaty

1. Spanish Texas 1763-1819 Chapter 6 Section 1 End of Spanish Rule

2. Spain Acquires Louisiana • Great Britain wins 7 Years’ War against France (1756-1763) • Treaty of Paris 1763 • Great Britain gets Canada and all French land east of Mississippi River (except New Orleans) • Spain gets New Orleans and all French land west of Mississippi River • France loses colonial power in North America • Spain questions need for missions and presidios in East Texas

3. Spain Closes East Texas Missions • Marqués de Rubí sent to investigate need for East Texas missions • Spain had neither wealth or power to defend its missions • Suggestions • abandon all Texas missions except San Antonio and Goliad (La Bahía) • Create alliances with Comanches (fight against Apaches) • Move East Texas settlers closer to San Antonio for protection • San Antonio was hotter and drier (required irrigation) and best land already taken

4. Nacogdoches Founded • Gil Ybarbo – leader of East Texans, pleaded to return to East Texas • Given permission to settle along Trinity River • Prospered at first • Crop failure, chicken pox epidemic, and Comanche conflicts • Moved east without permission and built Nacogdoches • Deep in Piney Woods – isolated from Spanish control

5. Settlers Face Many Dangers • Conflicts with Apaches and Comanches • Lacked troop support and stopped funding Texas missions • Spanish government insisted that the church support themselves

6. Spain Helps the American Colonies • American Revolution occurs • Spain opens port of New Orleans to American ships and supplied weapons, clothing, money, and medical supplies • Spain enters American Revolution in 1779 • Kept New Orleans out of British control • Peace Treaty in 1783 • Great Britain recognizes United States • U.S. boundaries – Canada in the North, Mississippi River in the West, and Florida in the South • Spain keeps Florida • U.S. and Britain granted trading rights on the Mississippi River

7. Treaty of Paris 1783

8. The United States Buys Louisiana • 1800 – Spain forced to return Louisiana to France • U.S. buys Louisiana Territory for $15 million (doubles size of U.S.)

9. Disputes About Boundaries • U.S. – their territory extends to Sabine River (includes parts of Texas) • Spain – their territory extends to Calcasieu River in Louisiana • Compromise – Neutral Ground established (1806-1819) • No one controls area between Sabine and Calcasieu • Became haven for smugglers and fugitives • Adams-Onís Treaty (1819) • U.S. gets Florida from Spain • Sabine River is the boundary between Spain and U.S. • U.S. surrenders all claims to Texas

10. Neutral Ground between Spanish Texas And United States Adams-Onis Treaty

11. Americans Migrate to Texas • Filibusters (adventurers) – some wanted to seize control of Texas • Philip Nolan (mustanger – captured and sold wild horses) • Believed to be an American spy • Warned not to return to Texas (but did!) • Spanish soldiers attacked Nolan’s camp • Peter Ellis Bean – only survivor of imprisonment and regained freedom

12. Unrest Grows in Texas Chapter 6 Section 2 End of Spanish Rule

13. Hidalgo Calls for Independence • Mexicans unhappy with Spain • Best jobs given to Spanish • Increase taxes for Mexicans to pay for European wars • Father Miguel Hidalgo y Costilla (Sept. 16, 1810) • Issued a call for freedom (grito) • Battled with Spain; failed to capture Mexico City • Hidalgo is captured and executed in 1811

14. Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition • Rebellion continues – Bernardo Gutiérrez de Lara goes to U.S. for supplies and $ • Augustus Magee joined Gutiérrez to help liberate Texas from Spain • Planned a government in which voters choose people to represent them (republic) • Republican Army of the North • Captured Goliad and San Antonio • Spanish officials surrender • Issue a declaration of independence for Texas • Magee killed – Samuel Kemper takes over

15. Disagreements and Defeats • Americans wanted a government like the U.S. (elected officials) and eventually become part of the U.S. • Mexicans wanted a government like New Spain (appointed officials) and remain part of Mexico • Spain conquers quarrelling troops (survivors either fled or were executed)

16. Revolutionaries and Pirates • Some survivors of Gutiérrez-Magee Expedition make it to Galveston Island • Got the help of Louis Michel Aury (French pirate) • Left Galveston to fight Spanish ships • Jean Laffite took over Aury’s operations in his absence • Helped Americans against British in War of 1812 • Pardoned by Pres. Madison for piracy crimes • Continued piracy – U.S. forces him to leave Galveston

17. Spain Exiles French Colonists • French colonists tried to settle near present-day Liberty • Spanish government sends troops to remove colonists • Colony abandoned

18. James Long Invades Texas • Filibuster from Mississippi • Felt that U.S. shouldn’t have given up Texas • Captured town of Nacogdoches • Set up a free and independent republic • Captured by Spanish and taken to Mexico City • Killed by a guard

19. Spanish Rule Ends in Texas Chapter 6 Section 3 End of Spanish Rule

20. Texas at the End of Spain’s Rule • September 1821 – Mexico gains independence from Spain • Little growth • San Antonio – largest town with ↑ 2,000 people • Goliad - ↑ 1200 people • Nacogdoches - ↑ 500 people at one time but now mainly abandoned

21. Spanish Neglect • Unable to attract many Spanish settlers • No gold or silver to lure fortune hunters • Comforts of civilized societies in Mexico City • No pressure to find new land • Native American conflicts • Not high on list of priorities

22. Spanish Legacy • Mapped and explored Texas • Spanish names – Amarillo, El Paso, Rio Grande, Matagorda Bay • Language • Laid out the 1st roads (El Camino Real – Royal Highway → Old San Antonio Road) • Ranching practices, methods, and equipment • Lariat, chaps, vaqueros (cowboys), and cattle drives • Customs