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Early Japan Prehistory to 794CE. Main Idea of Lecture:. Interaction between local and imported elements of culture How much of Japan is Japanese?. Geography. Four Main Islands Hokkaido Honshu Shikoku Kyushu. Part I - Paleolithic Culture. Paleolithic (Old Stone Age)
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Main Idea of Lecture: • Interaction between local and imported elements of culture • How much of Japan is Japanese?
Geography • Four Main Islands • Hokkaido • Honshu • Shikoku • Kyushu
Part I - Paleolithic Culture • Paleolithic (Old Stone Age) • 35,000 years ago, no human presence • Hunter/gatherer societies – simple stone tools • Peopling of Japan • Land bridges linked to continent • Jomon Culture - Ainu • Yayoi Culture – Horse Rider Theory
Ainu • “Ainu” means human
Jōmon (Neolithic) Culture • New Stone Age • Bows, arrows, and traps • Growing reliance on seafood • Agriculture • Villages grow in population • Distinctive Pottery • Jomon means “rope pattern” – characteristic markings on pottery
Jomon Living Patterns • Agriculture appears 5000 BCE • hunting and gathering sustenance • Larger villages • Pit-dwellings with roofs of wood or thatch • Larger buildings - communal storehouses
EQ: How well did I study for this test?If you were not here last class you will be going to the library to complete a review sheet. You will take the test next class or one day after school next week. Opener:Review vocabulary and hiragana Classwork: • Make up Geography Test is Wednesday after school!! • Lecture: History of Japan Part II – Yayoi to Yamato • Culture: Food and menu choice – need your money by Tuesday or you can not go! Closure: Exit Slip: Five questions over lecture and culture. • Homework: ら、り、る、れ、ろ • Read pages 53 to 59 in the Cultural Heritage chapter and answer questions. • Fieldtrip MONEY!!! – Sarah, Samantha, Andrew M., Jhovonn, and Dana. Get it in so you can go Friday!
Yayoi Culture • Around 500 BCE • Distinctive pottery • named after a part of Tokyo where it was first discovered. • New Technologies • Iron and bronze • Glassmaking • Weaving • Woodworking • Intensive agriculture
Horse-rider Theory • Yayoi and Early Tomb Periods were agricultural • Late Tomb Period was warlike • Change was facilitated by increased use of/proliferation of the horse • Warrior on horse back – if you develop a better weapon you are going to use it at some point!
Political and Social Developments • Rise of Japanese Civilization (Complex Society) • Division of Labor • Class stratification • Agrarian, militaristic, hierarchical • Small political units headed by chiefs • Invested as “kings of wa” by Chinese • Queen Himiko of Yamatai
The Tomb Period • Kofun – ancient burial mounds • Korean Connection • Keyhole shape • increasingly powerful kings • Haniwa - clay figures made for ritual use, buried with the dead
The Yamato Kings • Relationship between wealth and power • Agricultural production increased due to imported technologies - China • Creation of surplus allowed for trade and class divisions • Huge tombs indicate political differentiation and allegiances • STOP!
Opener:Review vocabulary and hiragana Classwork: • Make up Geography Test is Wednesday after school!! • Lecture: History of Japan Part III – Kofun • Culture: Chopsticks/Hashi/Ittadekimasu/gochiso sama deshita by Tuesday or you can not go! Closure: Exit Slip: Five questions over lecture and culture. • Homework: わ、を、ん
II. The Emergence of the Japanese State and Elite Culture Kofun Period 300-710 C.E.
Korean Backgrounds • Japan & Three Kingdoms • Writing and use of Chinese Characters • Buddhism
Late Tomb Period • Yamato kings and local chiefs • Complex web of allegiance/fealty • Loosely centralized political order • Korean Connection • transmitters of ideas/material culture • military in Korea • 7th century wars in Korea stimulated immigration to Japan.
The Seventh-Century Transition (the Asuka Period) • Soga clan seize power at Court • Maintain power by marrying daughters to kings • Increased symbolic power of Yamato court • Queen Suiko and Prince Shotoku • Transformation of court and society • Assumed title of emperor
Coup d’etat • Non-Soga prince ascends the Throne (Tenji) • Conspires with Nakatomi no Kamatari (Fujiwara) • Assassinates Soga clan leaders • Begin State Building • Strengthen throne • Structures of taxation/administration • Build palace/capital
Unification of Korea • Sui defeated three times by Koguryo; contributes to Sui downfall • Tang/Silla alliance • Yamato court sends troops to defend Paekche; defeated at Battle of Paekchon River • 668 a.d. Peninsula unified under Silla
Opener:Writing Testか、き、く、け、こ Classwork: • Lanugage: Review vocabulary and hiragana and begin simple sentence construction • わたしのなまえはかりんです。 • げんきですか。げんきです。 • いまなんじですか。 • Lecture: History of Japan Part III – Nara/Heian • Culture: Kabuki Theater Closure: Exit Slip: Five questions over lecture and culture. • Homework: が、ぎ、ぐ、げ、ご • Next reading section with questions.
III. Taika (Great Change) Reforms “Japan” is created - 645 C.E. • Foreign threat = domestic reforms • Fortified invasion routes • Institution building • Bureaucracy based on written documents • taxation • control over outer areas • Compiled legal codes/histories • Start of on country under one ruler
Documents Structures and Literature • Taiho codes • Military campaigns to bring many regions into fold • Histories • Kojiki • Nihon shoki • Poetry • Man’yoshu
Nara 710-794 • First permanent capital • Modeled after Chinese • Religious Center • Massive state sponsorship of Buddhism and Shinto • Legitimized new state • Todaiji
End of the Nara Period • Marriage Politics backfires • Shomu had no male heir – daughter becomes Empress Koken/Shotoku • Attempted to give power to Buddhist Priests • Dual Threat • Fujiwara • Buddhism • Kanmu moves capital from Nara to Kyoto 784 C.E.
Heian Period (794-1192) • Period of peace and security under the Heian Dynasty • Flourishing of culture • Nara and Heian are combined to create the Japanese “Classical Period”
Nara Period marked by struggles over the throne • Capital was moved to Kyoto in 795 • Heian-kyō(平安京 "tranquility and peace capital") • Kyoto(京都 "capital city") • Struggles ceased still not united under one government
Power began to accumulate under the Fujiwara clan due to ties with government and money • 300 years of influence • Court thrived with stability
Heian Literature • Greatest Japanese classic written • Genji Monogatari – Tale of Genji • by Murasaki Shikibu • "purple wisteria blossom“ • Considered to be the first “NOVEL”
Heian Contributions • Solidified Nara reforms • Tenno (Emperor) seen as divine • Mandate of Heaven • Decendant of Sun Goddess, Amaterasu • Imperial line unbroken • culture independent of Chinese influence • Own system of writing (hiragana) • Court culture/values unique to Japan but mainly practiced by wealthy women: • Miyabi – courtliness • Makoto – simplicity • Aware – sensitivity/sorrow
Heian Problems • Government based Chinese model: • Regional clans ultimately controlled the emperor (house/senate/pres example) • China – urban with 65 million • Japan - rural with 5 million
Heian Period (794-1192) • Result: • emperor ruled only in name • Court government was manly concerned with court life • Outlying provinces not influenced by government • Isolated areas still followed local leaders • Government appointed regional chiefs did as they pleased
What is Kabuki? • Kabuki includes both plays and dances, performed to the traditional music of Japan using Shamisen, tsuzumi (drums), yoko-bue (flute), and voices.
Kabuki歌舞伎 • form of traditional Japanese theatre • Originally performed by women in the dry riverbeds of the cities so they could escape prostitution charges. • known for stylization of drama and the elaborate make-up worn by performers • kanji characters mean: • sing (歌), dance (舞), and skill (伎) • sometimes translated as "the art of singing and dancing“
Kabuki歌舞伎 • derive from the verb kabuku, meaning "to lean" or "to be out of the ordinary” • kabuki can be interpreted to mean "bizarre" theatre • kabukimono (歌舞伎者) • referred originally to those who were bizarrely dressed
1603–1629: Female Kabuki • began in 1603 when Okuni, a miko (geisha in training) began performing a new style of dance drama in the dry riverbeds of Kyoto • played both men and women in comic plays about ordinary life • instantly popular; rival troupes quickly formed • appeal was due to suggestive performances and performers were sometimes available for prostitution
1629-1652: Young Male Kabuki • Wakashu - young male actors took over after women were banned from performing • could take the role of women due to their less masculine appearance and higher pitched voices • focused more on drama rather than dance • their performances were as equally suggestive and they too became available for prostitution • lead shogunate to ban young male actors in 1652
1652-1868 • Fell out of favor with ruling class • Associated more with lower class entertainment • Became popular again in 1868 with fall of the samurai class and the opening of Japan to the west • Actors were all older males by this period
Kabuki Today • most popular of the traditional styles of Japanese drama • its star actors often appear in television or film roles • the well-known onnagata Bandō Tamasaburō V has appeared in several non-kabuki plays and movies—often in a female role • major theatres in Tokyo, Kyoto, and Osaka • many smaller theatres throughout the countryside • Some troupes now use female actors but most traditionalist still prefer the male onnagata
Stage Design Diagram of kabuki stage Kabuki curtains
Stage Design • The kabuki stage features a projection called a hanamichi (花道; flower path), a walkway which extends into the audience and via which dramatic entrances and exits are made • important scenes are performed here to allow the audience to be part of the action • Technological innovations introduced in the 18th century included revolving stages and trap doors
