Europe and North America in the Postwar Years

1. CHAPTER 31 Europe and North Americain the Postwar Years Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Section 2: Origins of the Cold War Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reactionin Europe Section 4: The United States and Canada

2. Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Objectives: • Describe the origins of the postwar settlement for Europe. • Explain why Germany was divided into four occupation zones and what developed as a result. • Explore how the United Nations is organized. • Identify the problems the Allies faced in keeping the peace.

3. Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Wartime Conferences and Postwar Problems • Tehran, Yalta • Disagreements between “Big Three,” plans for United Nations

4. Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe The Occupation of Germany • Decisions at Potsdam – Allied Control Council, Council of Foreign Ministers • Redrawing borders – increased population in Germany • Demilitarization and reparations • The Nürnberg trials – Nazi leaders were charged with crimes against peace and humanity

5. Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe The United Nations • General Assembly – any nation could join and have same voting rights as others • Security Council – ten temporary members and five permanent ones; veto power

6. Section 1: Aftermath of the War in Europe Peacemaking Problems • Soviet Union and Western Allies had conflicting goals • Soviets wanted communist-controlled governments

7. Section 2: Origins of the Cold War Objectives: • Examine how and why the alliance between the Western Allies and the Soviet Union ended. • Investigate how the United States attempted to stop the spread of communism and aid Europe. • Describe how Germany became two separate countries. • Identify the Cold War alliances that developed in Europe.

8. Section 2: Origins of the Cold War The End of the Alliance • Struggle between communism and democracy • Cold War – war of ideas and worldviews waged by two superpowers

9. Section 2: Origins of the Cold War The United States Aids Europe • The Truman Doctrine – United States committed to restricting spread of communism • The Marshall Plan – removal of trade barriers to provide economic aid

10. Section 2: Origins of the Cold War The Cold War in Europe • Eastern and Central Europe – Soviet Union overthrew Czechoslovakia and forced communism on them • Problems in Germany – three Western powers united their zones; Soviets opposed unification and blockaded border into West Berlin • The division of Germany – Western Allies approved formation of West Germany; Soviet Union formed East Germany

11. Section 2: Origins of the Cold War NATO and the Warsaw Pact • NATO – twelve Western nations signed treaty to protect each other, others soon joined • Warsaw Pact – Eastern bloc nations’ mutual defense program, troops outnumbered NATO troops

12. Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Objectives: • Describe the West German “miracle.” • Explain why the British met with mixed success in stimulating economic growth. • Explore how France maintained an independent position in European affairs. • Analyze how the Soviet Union changed under new leadership. • Identify the problems Eastern European nations faced.

13. Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe The West German “Miracle” • West German economic recovery – free-market policy, reconstruction and industrial development progressed rapidly • Politics – stable democracy; committed to market economy; encouraged East Germans to escape to West Germany

14. Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Postwar Britain • Loss of workers and colonies • Cost of overseas commitments • Shift from coal to oil and nuclear power

15. Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe New Republics in France • De Gaulle helped to transform French empire into voluntary association of self-governing nations • Political instability led people to reject reforms

16. Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Western Europe and Integration • Recovery elsewhere in Europe – democracies in Denmark, Norway, and Sweden; free-enterprise systems in Greece, Portugal, and Spain • Economic integration – Common Market, European Community

17. Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe The Soviet Union After Stalin • Khrushchev denounced Stalin’s policies, made economic reforms • Innovations in military and space technology • Evolved into modern industrial society

18. Section 3: Reconstruction, Reform, and Reaction in Europe Eastern Europe • Collectivization delayed economic recovery • Lower living standards than in the West • Dissatisfaction with communism

19. Section 4: The United States and Canada Objectives: • Examine the major domestic problems the United States faced in the postwar era. • Investigate how the policy of containment led to foreign conflicts. • Identify the challenges the Canadian people responded to in the postwar era.

20. Section 4: The United States and Canada Domestic Challenges Face the United States • The economy and the Cold War at home – new industries, new construction, economic growth; anticommunist hysteria, McCarthyism • Domestic reforms and civil rights – war on poverty; NAACP; public school integration; Martin Luther King, Jr.

21. Section 4: The United States and Canada Foreign Policy and the Cold War • Southeast Asia Treaty Organization – to halt communist advances • Eisenhower Doctrine – economic and military assistance to noncommunist nations in Middle East • Cuba turned to Soviet Union for support against United States, resulting in Cuban Missile Crisis • Vietnam War – sparked frustration, discontent, and antiwar protest in United States

22. Section 4: The United States and Canada Canada’s Challenges • Economic and agricultural growth, as well as industrial growth • French Quebec wanted to separate from rest of Canada