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STALLION ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

STALLION ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY. REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE STALLION CONSISTS OF. BRAIN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM TESTICLES EPIDIDYMIS VAS DEFERENS ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS URETHRA PENIS ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES. TESTICLES. OF ABDOMINAL ORIGIN

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STALLION ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

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  1. STALLION ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY

  2. REPRODUCTIVE TRACT OF THE STALLION CONSISTS OF • BRAIN • CIRCULATORY SYSTEM • ENDOCRINE SYSTEM • TESTICLES • EPIDIDYMIS • VAS DEFERENS • ACCESSORY SEX GLANDS • URETHRA • PENIS • ASSOCIATED STRUCTURES

  3. TESTICLES • OF ABDOMINAL ORIGIN • LOCATED EXTERNALLY IN THE SCROTUM WITHIN A REFLECTION OF THE PERITONEUM KNOWN AS THE TUNICA VAGINALIS • CONTAIN GAMETE CELLS AND SPERM STEM CELLS THAT PRODUCE SPERMATOZOA • TUBULAR SYSTEM OF THE TESTICLE CONNECTS TO THE…

  4. EPIDIDYMIS • BEGINS AT THE CAUDAL END OF THE TESTICLE • RUNS THE FULL LENGTH OF THE TESTICLE TO THE VAS DEFERENS

  5. C:\Documents and Settings\HP_Owner\Desktop\101MSDCF\DSC00084.JPG

  6. VAS DEFERENS • TRAVERSES BACK THROUGH THE ABDOMEN TO THE CRANIAL PELVIC CAVITY • CONNECTS TO THE PELVIC PORTION OF THE URETHRA

  7. URETHRA • PELVIC PORTION URETHRA HAS: • SECONDARY SEX GLANDS ON EACH SIDE • PROSTATE • SEMINAL VESICLES • BULBAR URETHRAL GLAND • THESE GLANDS PRODUCE THE NONSPERM PORTION OF THE EJACULATE= • PREJACULATE FLUID • SEMINAL PLASMA • GEL • URETHRA EXTENDS DOWN BETWEEN HIND LEGS • TO THE PENIS LOCATED ON CAUDAL VENTRAL ABDOMINAL MIDLINE JUST AHEAD OF SCROTUM • PENIS CONTAINS ERECTILE TISSUE NECESSARY FOR COITUS

  8. Stallion Physiology • Onset of sexual maturity 10-24 months • Sperm output • Semen volume/ejaculate, ml 30- 200+cc total output • Sperm Rich portion usually constant around 45-70cc • Gel portion changes considerable with teasing and amount of activity • Sperm output 6-9 billion (fpm) • Survival time with fertilizing capacity -1-2 days

  9. Testis • Average size – 9x6x5 cm • Total scrotal width > 80 mm • Testicular Parenchyma-90% • Increases during the long days • Seminiferous tubules (70%) • Sertoli cells (30%) • Increase with age (2-3, 4-5) and season • Leydid cells (2-12-18%) • Increase with age (2-3, 4-5, 13-20) and season

  10. Up to 70,000 spermatozoa/second 57 days for each cell Daily production = 3 billion or more Age and season dependent Stallion Physiology

  11. Average Testicular Volume for Horse for Different Ages

  12. STALLIONS HAVE ANNUAL RHYTHM MUCH LIKE MARES • ASSOCIATED WITH LENGTH OF DAYLIGHT/DARKNESS • TESTOSTERONE PEAKS @ MIDDLE OF BREEDING SEASON • TESTOSTERONE DEPRESSED IN WINTER

  13. SPERM HAS 3 JOBS TO ACCOMPLISH FOR SUCCESS • ONCE PLACED IN BODY OF UTERUS BY EJACULATION: • MOTILITY • CAPACITATION • EXCHANGE OF CHROMATIN MATERIAL • THERE ARE METHODS TO TEST MOTILITY, ACROSOMAL FUNCTION, AND CHROMATIN QUALITY

  14. MOTILITY • Function of the Middle Piece • Mitochrondrial Activity • Consumes Energy • Must be forward Progressive to be of Value

  15. Capasitation • Function of the Acrosome • Releases enzymes that react with the Zona Pellucida • Takes the enzyme of many sperm to cause reaction • Sperm are viable for 24hr. After

  16. Chromatin Transfer • Function of the Head • Contains Genetic material • imperfict Chromatin will result in early embryo loss

  17. Semen Has Three Parts • Pre-ejaculate Clear lubricant • Sperm Rich Sperm and seminal plasma • Gel Mucous substance at end of ejaculation

  18. Semen output • 30- 200+cc total output • Sperm Rich portion usually constant around 45-70cc • Gel portion changes considerable with teasing and amount of activity • Sperm output 6-9 billion (fpm) • Total output change with activity • Maximum Standard use every 8 hr.

  19. Number of Sperm Depends On: • Seasonal Influences (Photoperiod) • Effected Areas • Ejaculate volume • Sperm numbers • Total sperm/ejaculate • Sperm motility • Willingness to breed • Mounts before breeding • Scrotal size • Testosterone production

  20. Sperm Dose • Under Debate • Changes with Breeding Technique • Industry Standard at present is considered 500 million (fpm) • Higher for frozen semen • Lower for specialized

  21. Semen Extending and Storage • Use To increase Number of doses per ejaculate • Used to increase sperm survival in Fresh Cooled or Frozen storage

  22. Centrifugation • To Increase Concentration of Sperm • Remove Bacteria • Remove Seminal Plasma • Increase Quality in storage

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