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Biowaste Disposal and Utilization

Biowaste Disposal and Utilization. John Scanga Center for Red Meat Safety Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University. Historical Events of Importance. 1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE

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Biowaste Disposal and Utilization

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  1. Biowaste Disposal and Utilization John Scanga Center for Red Meat Safety Department of Animal Sciences Colorado State University

  2. Historical Events of Importance • 1989 USDA Banned the Import of Live Ruminants from the UK and Other Countries with Known Cases of BSE • 1997 FDA Bans Feeding of Most Mammalian Proteins to Ruminants • 1999 USDA Publishes the Scrapie Eradication Program • 2001 Europe Faces Widespread FMD outbreak • 2002 USDA Tested 19,900 Cattle Using Targeted Surveillance • May 20, 2003, Canada Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE • December 23, 2003, USDA Announced the Discovery of One Positive Case of BSE in Washington

  3. Risks from chemicals • Euthanasia agents • pentobarbital • Antimicrobials • Pesticides • Predator control compounds • 1080 • strychnine

  4. Agents of Concern • Viruses • Foreign disease viruses • Cryptosporidia • Giardia • Bacteria • Anthrax • Clostridial organisms • Salmonella spp. • E. coli O157:H7 • Listeria monocytogenes • Fungal Diseases • Blastomycosis • Cryptococcosis • Coccidioidomycosis • Aspergillosis • TSE’s • CWD • Scrapie • BSE

  5. Risks From Carcasses • Transfer of disease • Humans • Animals – livestock, wildlife, pets • Environment • Maintenance of disease in populations • Contamination • Air • Water • Soil

  6. Number (1,000) Weight (1,000 lbs) Dairy Cattle 804.0 449,227.3 Beef Cattle 3,327.8 1,482,952.5 Hogs 17,927.7 981,655.2 Sheep 281.5 21,957.0 Lambs 486.2 37,923.6 Goats 65.0 4,225.0 Total Mammalian 22,892.2 2,977,940.6 Total Poultry 82,453.5 346,629.7 TOTAL 1,053,457,000 33,245,704,000 Livestock Mortalities in the U.S. Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

  7. Estimated annual volume of dead livestock in Colorado (NASS, 2001) Inventory Mortality Potential Volume Cattle 3,150,000 3 – 6 % 94,500 – 189,000 Hogs 840,000 3 – 6 % 25,000 – 50,400 Sheep 420,000 7 – 10 % 29,400 – 42,000 Horses 145,000 3 – 5 % 4,350 – 7,250 The Issues in Colorado • US Statistics for 2000 (Sparks Companies, 2002) • 22.9 million Cattle, Hogs, Sheep and Goats • 3.0 billion pounds of mammalian livestock mortalities • Colorado Estimates by Phelps et al. (2003) • 205,800 head/month • 132.3 million lb/month

  8. Cost Estimates for Disposal Rendering Rendering (Pre-1997) (Post-1997) Cattle & Calves ($/hd) $8.25 $24.11 Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $7.00 $11.53 Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $0.50 $0.70 Other ($/hd) $7.00 $9.61 Operating Costs ($1,000) $93,470 $194,470 Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

  9. “What types of Bio-waste do you most commonly produce?” n=237 % of Respondents

  10. “What is the current destination of the Bio-waste you produce?” N=205 % of Respondents SOURCE: Phelps et al., 2003

  11. Cost Estimates for Disposal Burial Incineration Composting Cattle & Calves ($/hd) $10.63 $9.33 $30.34 Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $12.45 $4.09 $14.04 Pre-Weaned Hogs ($/hd) $2.01 $0.30 $1.02 Other ($/hd) $1.51 $0.29 $0.98 Operating Costs ($1,000) $109,898 $57,879 $191,643 Fixed Costs ($1,000) N/A $1,379,646 $2,146,116 Source: Sparks Companies, Inc., 2002

  12. Chemical Digestion

  13. Cost Consideration- Installation • Digester Unit – approximately $400,000 for a 2000 lb unit • Installation costs – Approximately $500,000 for steam generator, steam hook-ups, sewer hook-ups, enclosure, room remodels, electrical hook-ups • Effluent handling system--$100,000 - $500,000 • Total > $1,000,000 SOURCE: Powers, 2003

  14. Cost Consideration - Operation • Steam, water, electricity ($0.01/lb) • Chemicals (NaOH/KOH) ($0.02/lb) • Personnel (4 hours/day for 2 cycles) ($0.04/lb) • Sewer costs ($0.07/lb) • Maintenance/Service/Repair ($0.02/lb) • Total operation ($0.16/lb) SOURCE: Powers, 2003

  15. Incineration • Set-Up Cost $85,000 • Capacity 80-100 hd/24 hours • 1 lb of fuel/1 lb of carcass • 600-700° C SOURCE: Colorado Department of Agriculture

  16. Anaerobic Digestion

  17. Cost of Anaerobic Digestion Compared to Covered Lagoon System Construction Cost Electricity Savings Single Cell $301,500 $0 Double Cell $357,500 $0 Covered Single Cell $476,500 $0 Covered Double Cell $473,500 $0 Single Cell w/75kW Genset $375,000 ~$40,000 Retrofit Lagoon $250,000 ~$40,000 SOURCE: Lewis, 2003

  18. Composting

  19. Land filling or Burial

  20. TDP End Products Minerals and Coke 6% Water 45% Organic Liquor/Oil 44% Gas 5% SOURCE: Halberstadt, 2003

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