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Surface Water

Discover the formation of rivers, stages of stream development, Earth's water distribution, ocean water content, salinity, movement of ocean water including currents, waves, and tides, as well as groundwater features like permeability and saturation in this informative guide.

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Surface Water

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  1. Surface Water How does rivers form?

  2. Drainage Basin • The area of land from which a stream or river collects runoff.

  3. Stages of Stream Development • Young streams have swift flow, steep land gradients, white rapids, and water falls. • Mature streams have slow land gradients, smooth flow, and meander (broad bends) over flood plain. • Old stream have very little land gradients, sluggish flow through flat, broad flood plains that deposit sediments to form a delta.

  4. Which stage are these?

  5. Distribution of Earth’s Water

  6. Ocean Water • Earth’s oceans formed from water vapor. • Water vapor was released during volcanic activity about 4 Billion years ago. • Condensed water vapor formed storm clouds andcaused torrential rains to fills Earth’sBasins(lowspots or oceans).The Earth is 70 % covered in water.

  7. Content of Ocean Water: • Gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide and nitrogen These gases enter the ocean from the atmosphere or from animals through photosynthesis or respiration • Salts (ions): chloride, sodium, sulfate, magnesium, calcium and potassium These salts enter the ocean by rivers that empty into the ocean. The river dissolves rocks and carry the salts to the ocean

  8. Measure of how much salt is in the ocean For every 1kg or seawater contains 35g of salt. 3.5% of ocean water is salt. Salinity

  9. Movement of Ocean Water • Currents: • caused by different temps of water rising and sinking • a flow of ocean water • acts as a river within the ocean • Coriolis effect: shifting of wind and currents due to Earth’s rotation

  10. Waves: Caused by winds at the surface of the water The stronger the wind the larger the wave They only move up and down Movement of Ocean Water

  11. Tides: caused by the gravitational interaction between the Earth and the Moon There are 2 tides that occur daily : High: oceans are toward or away from the moon and bulge out Low: parts of the oceans are not toward or away from the moon Movement of Ocean Water

  12. Ground Water Permeable Zone of Saturation Impermeable Ground water includes: Wells, Springs, and Geysers

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