Old English Pétur Knútsson 2005 Baker chap. 7: Verbs

1. Old English Pétur Knútsson 2005 Baker chap. 7: Verbs

2. Verbs: weak and strong • Strong: sing sang sung ride rode ridden choose chose chosen see saw seen • Weak: bake baked row rowed want wanted

3. Verbs: weak and strong • Strong or vocalic: the original IE system, now in the minority, usually known as “irregular verbs” • Weak or consonantal: a Germanic innovation with dental endings (-t –d –ð), has become the dominant paradigm and thus known as “regular verbs” • Also: minor conjugations, real “irregular” (athematic) verbs, preterite-present verbs.

4. Verbs: strong 7 classes. In both Icelandic and Old English, we can generate all the forms of the strong verb from four “principle parts” (kennimyndir):

5. Principle parts of strong verbs ríða reið riðum riðið rídan rád ridon geriden bjóða bauð buðum boðið béodan béad budon geboden drekka drakk drukkum drukkið drincan dranc druncon gedruncen fara fór fórum farið faran fór fóron gefaren

6. bjóða bauð buðum boðit bjóða infinitive ek býð þú býðr hann býðr present indicative singular i-mutation vér bjóðum þér bjóðit þeir bjóða present indicative plural að ek bjóða að vér bjóðim present subjunctive present participle bjóðandi

7. béodan béad budon geboden béodan infinitive ic béode þú býtst hé býtt present indicative singular i-mutation wé béodað gé béodað hí béodað present indicative plural þæt ic béode þæt wé béoden present subjunctive present participle béodende

8. bjóða bauð buðum boðit bjóða infinitive ek býð þú býðr hann bíðr present indicative singular i-mutation vér bjóðum þér bjóðit þeir bjóða present indicative plural at ek bjóða at við bjóðim present subjunctive present participle bjóðandi

9. béodan béad budon geboden béodan infinitive ic béode þú býtst hé býtt present indicative singular i-mutation wé béodað ge béodað hí béodað present indicative plural þæt ic béode þæt wé béoden present subjunctive present participle béodende

10. bjóða bauð buðumboðit ek bauð þú bauðst hann bauð past indicative singular vér buðum þér buðit þeir buðu past indicative plural at ek byði at vér byðim past subjunctive i-mutation past participle boðit

11. béodan béad budon bodin ic béad þú bude hé béad past indicative singular wé budon gé budon hí budon past indicative plural þæt ic bude þæt wé buden past subjunctive past participle geboden

12. bjóða bauð buðum boðit ek bauð þú bauðst hann bauð past indicative singular vér buðum þér buðit þeir buðu past indicative plural at ek byði at vér byðim past subjunctive i-mutation past participle boðit

13. béodan béad budon bodin ic béad þú bude hé béad past indicative singular wé budon gé budon hí budon past indicative plural þæt ic bude þæt wé buden past subjunctive past participle geboden

14. Verbs: weak 2 classes • stem almost always i-mutated a short vowel + double consonant or –ri- fremman, nerian b long vowel, or short vowel + consonant cluster other than doubling déman cýðan cyssan sendan • stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian) lufian, endian macian

15. Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian)

16. Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian)

17. Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian)

18. Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian)

19. Verbs: weak 2 classes 1 stem almost always i-mutated, -an , -rían 2 stem usually unmutated, -ian (but not –rian)