Grammar Notebook Part One

1. Grammar Notebook Part One Verbs

2. Verb Facts: The Most Important Words in Any Sentence • What is a verb? • Denotes an action or a state of being • Essential to the sentence because it’s what is happening! Examples:

3. Types of Verbs • Helping Verbs: • In English, helping verbs tell when a verb is happening ( was, is, had,have et al.) • Latin never uses helping verbs; we use endings to show when a verb happens • Example • Rex was laughing. Rex ridebat. • Rex will laugh. Rex ridebit.

4. Types of Verbs • Linking verbs: show a state of being and link two ideas • Acts like a chain or an equals mark (=) • The most common linking verb is sum ,esse, fui, futurus in all its lovely forms • Example • Rex is a boy. (Rex = boy) Rex estpuer

5. Types of Verbs • Transitive verb: action verb which takes a direct object ( a noun that answers who or what after the verb) • The action transfers to another word • Example • Rex hits Claudius. Rex Claudiumpulsat. • Intransitive verb: action verb that cannot take an object • The action stops at the verb and does not cross over to a noun. • Example • Rex is sleeping. Rex dormit.

6. Agreement • A singular verb must have a singular subject; a plural verb must have a plural subject. • Compound subjects are usually treated as plural subjects • Examples • The girl is running. Puellacurrit • The girls are running. Puellaecurrunt.

7. Principal Parts • Most verb have four principal parts, always listed in a specific order. These parts are used to make all the other verb forms. • Notice the patterns • 1st principal part ends with “o” • Used for present tense • 2nd ends with “re” • Present infinitive; used for present, imperfect, future • 3rd end with “I” • Perfect active; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active • 4th ends with “um” or “us” • Perfect participle; used for perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive

8. Conjugations • The conjugation of a verb is determined by the second principal part (infinitive) • ARE = 1st • *ERE = 2nd (1st pp. will end with “eo”) • ERE = 3rd • IO, ERE = 3rd IO • IRE = 4th

9. Qualities of a Verb • Number • Singular or plural • Person • 1st = I, we • 2nd = you • 3rd = he,she, it, they

10. Qualities of a verb • Voice: active or passive • Refers to relationship between subject and verb • Active voice : subject performs the verb • Aurelia sells the slave. Aurelia venditservum • Passive Voice: The subject does not perform the verb but the verb happens to the subject • The slave is sold by Aurelia. Servusvenditurab Aurelia • The person or thing doing the verb goes into the ablative. • No preposition for things (means), “a, ab” for people (personal agent) • Miles vulneraturgladio. • Miles vulneraturabamico.

11. Qualities of a Verb • Mood • Indicative = states a fact or asks a question • Imperative = makes a command • Subjunctive = special clauses • Tense • Shows when the verb happens • Present, imperfect, future, perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

12. Tense Continuum • Pluperfect: in the past before something else in the past (August 24) • Perfect : completed in the past (august 25) • Present : now (august 26) • Future perfect: before something else in the future (august 27) • Future : in the future (august 28) • Imperfect: in the past over a span of time ( august 24 and August 25)

13. Tense Continuum • Pluperfect : He had taken a shower before he ate breakfast • Perfect: He ate breakfast • Present: He is walking to the car. • Future Perfect: He will have driven twenty miles before he returns home. • Future: He will return home • Imperfect: He was driving to school behind a very slow bus.

14. Verb Bases • Present Tense : Use infinitive • Exception : 1st sing passive use 1st pp. • Are = remove the “re” • Exception : 1st person singular remove the “are” active • *ere = remove the “re” • Ere = remove “ere” , add “I” • Exception : 3rd person pl add “u” instead of “I” • Io, -ere = remove “ere” , add “I” • Exception: 3rd person pl add “iu” • Ire = remove “re” • Exception: 3rd person pl. remove “re” , add “u”

15. Verb bases • Imperfect : use infinitive • Are = remove “re” • *ere = remove “re” • Ere = remove “re” • Io, ere = remove “ere” add “ie” • Ire = remove “re” add “e”

16. Verb bases • Future: Use infinitive • Are = remove “re” • *ere = remove “re” • Ere = remove “ere” • Io, ere = remove “ere”, add “I” • Exception : 2nd person singular don’t add “i” • Ire = remove “re”

17. Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect active • 3rd principal part minus “I” • Usually leaves one of the following before the ending • U • V • S • X

18. Perfect, pluperfect, future perfect passive • 4th principal part minus “us” or “um”

19. Present active Indicative • Endings • o = I 1st sing • s = you 2nd sing • t = he, she, it 3rd sing • mus = we 1stpl • tis = you pl. 2ndpl • nt = they 3rdpl • Translations • Verb __________, is, am, are ____ing, do, does ____

20. Present passive indicative • Endings • R = I am _____ed • Ris = you are ______ed • Tur = he, she, it is _______ed • Mur = we are _______ed • Mini = you pl. are ______ed • Ntur = they are _______ed • Translations • Is, am, are ______ed, • Is, am, are being _______ed

21. Imperfect active Indicative • Endings • Bam = I • Bas = you • Bat = he, she,, it • Bamus = we • Batis = you pl. • Bant = they • Translations must show action over a period of time in the past, habitual or continuous • Was/were, used to, kept on, began to, past tense

22. Imperfect passive indicative • Endings • Bar = I • Baris = you • Batur = he, she, it • Bamur = we • Bamini = you pl • Bantur = they • Translations: • Was/were being ______ed, kept on being _______ed, used to be _______ed, began to be ______ed

23. Future Active Indicative for –are, *ere (1st and 2ndconjugations • Endings • Bo I will • Bis you will • Bit he, she, it will • Bimus we will • Bitis you pl. will • Bunt they will • Translations: will, shall • Must show action to occur in the future

24. Future Passive Indicative for –are, -*ere • Endings • Bor I will be -----ed • Beris you will be ----ed • Bitur he, she, it will be-----ed • Bimur we will be-----ed • Bimini you pl. will be ----ed • Buntur they will be-----ed • Translations: will be -----ed, shall be ----ed

25. Future Active Indicative for ere, ire (3rd, 3rdio, 4th) • Endings • am I will • es* you will • et* he, she, it will • emus* we will • etis* you pl. will • ent they will • Translation : will, shall

26. Future Passive Indicative for –ere, -ire(3rd, 3rdio, 4th) • Endings • ar I will be ----ed • eris you will be ----ed • etur he, she, it will be ----ed • emur we will be -----ed • emini you pl will be -----ed • entur they will be -----ed • Translations: will be _____ed, shall be ____ed

27. Perfect Active Indicative • Endings • i i • isti` you • it he, she, it • imus we • istis you pl • erunt they • Usually preceded by u,v,s,xfrom the 3rd pp. • Translations: ----ed, past tense, has/have ---ed, did – • Must show action completed in the past

28. Perfect Passive Indicative • 4th principal part minus “us” • Singular • -us,-a,-um sum I was _____ed, have been ___ed • -us, -a, -um es you were ____ed, have been __ed • -us,-a, -um est he, she, it was ___ed, has been __ed • Plural • -i, -ae, -a sumus we were –ed, have been –ed • i, -ae, -a estis you were ---ed, have been –ed • i, -ae, -a sunt they were –ed, have been --ed

29. The 4th principal part must be adjusted so that it agrees with the subject in gender, number, and case. • Marcus was wounded • Marcus vulneratus est. • Silvia was wounded. • Silvia vulnerata est. • The men were wounded. • Virivulneratisunt

30. Pluperfect Active Indicative • Endings • eram I • eras you • erat he, she, it • eramus we • eratis you pl. • erant they • Translation: had ----ed • Must show action completed in the past before another action • The endings must be attached to the 3rdpp minus “I”; cannot be by itself or it’s the imperfect of sum • Ambulaveram in silva. I had walked in the woods. • Eram in silva. I was in the woods.

31. Pluperfect passive Indicative • 4th principal part minus “us” or “um” • Singular • -us, a, um eram I • -us,-a, -um eras you • -us,-a, -um erat he, she, it • Plural • -i,-ae, -a eramus we • -i, -ae, -a eratis you pl. • -i, -ae, -a erant they

32. Translation: had been -----ed • Fourth pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and case • Marcus had been seen. • Marcus visuserat. • Cornelia had been seen. • Cornelia visa erat.

33. Future Perfect Indicative • Endings • ero I will have • eris you will have • erithe,she, it will have • erimus we will have • eritis you pl will have • erint they will have • Translations: will have ----ed, shall have ----ed • Must show action that occurs in the future before something else in the future • Frequently used in conditional (if) clauses

34. Future perfect passive • Endings 4th principal part minus “us” plus • Singular • -us,-a, -um ero I • -us,-a, -um eris you • -us, -a, -um erithe,she, it • Plural • -i, -ae,-a erimus we • -i. –ae, -a eritis you pl. • -i, -ae, -a erunt they • Translations: will have been ---ed, shall have been –ed • 4th pp. must be adjusted to agree with subject in gender, number, and case

35. Pronoun Subjects for Active • O/M/I = I • S/ISTI = you • T = he,she, it • MUS = we • TIS = you pl • NT = they

36. Tense signs and translations for active • BA = was,were,usedto, kept on, began to • BO, BI, BU, A, E = will, shall • U,S,V,X, followed by I, ERU = past tense, have, has, did • ERA = had • ERO,ERI = will have, shall have • A,E,I,U = is, am, are, do, does

37. Pronoun subjects for passive • R = I • RIS = you • TUR = he, she, it • MUR = we • MINI = you pl • NTUR = they

38. Tense sign and translation for passive • BA = was/were being ---ed, kept on being ---ed, used to be –ed, began to be ---ed (imperfect) • BI, BE, BU (are, *ere) or A, E (ere, ire) = will be ---ed (future) • A, I, E, U = are,is, am ----ed (present)

39. Passive Person Part One • Us = masc sing • A = fem sing • Um = neuter sing • I = masc. Pl. • Ae = fem pl • A = neutpl

40. Passive Tense Sign for Two Part Verbs: Part Two • Su or e • Was/were -----ed • Has/have been -----ed • Era • Had been ---ed • Eri • Will have been ----ed

41. Part three • m/o = I • S = you • T = he,she, it • Mus = we • Tis = you pl • Nt = they

42. Irregular verbs • Use the personal endings (o/m,s,t,mus, tis, nt or r,ris,tur,mur,mini, ntur) • Base is the irregular part • Mainly irregular in the present tense: • Sometimes irregular in future and imperfect • No irregular verbs in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect

43. Irregular Verbs • Very commonly used verbs • Sum, esse, fui, futurus • To be: linking verb • Possum, posse, potui • Be able, can • Always used with an infinitive • Volo, velle, volui • To wish

44. Fero, ferre, tuli, latum • To bring, to carry • Malo, malle, malui • To prefer • Nolo, nolle, nolui • Don’t want • Eo, ire, ivi, itus • go

45. Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus • Most common verb in Latin • Linking verb • Irregular in the present indicative and subjunctive, imperfect indicative, future indicative, and in its principal parts • Regular in perfect, pluperfect, future perfect both indicative and subjunctive • Base = fu

46. Irregular verbs: Sum, esse, fui, futurus • Present indicative Present subjunctive • sum sumussimsimus • esestis sis sitis • estsunt sit sint • Imperfect Indicative • Erameramus • Eras eratis • Eraterant • Future indicative • Eroerimus • Eris eritis • Eriterunt

47. Irregular Verbs: Possum, posse, potui • Definition: Be able, can • Always used with a complementary infinitive • Irregular in the present indicative and subjunctive, imperfect indicative, and future indicative; usually like sum just with pot in front • Regular in all other tenses

48. Irregular Verbs : possum • Present Indicative Present Subjunctive • Possum possumuspossimpossimus • Potespotestispossispossitis • Potestpossuntpossitpossint • Imperfect Indicative • Poterampoteramus • Poteraspoteratis • Poteratpoterant • Future Indicative • Poteropoterimus • Poterispoteritis • Poteritpoterunt

49. Irregular verbs: volo, nolo, malo • Present tense indicative active • Volo nolo malo • Vis non vismavis • Vult non vultmavult • Volumusnolumusmalumus • Vultis non vultismavultis • Voluntnoluntmalunt

50. Volo, nolo, malo • Imperfect bases: • Vole • Nole • male • Future Tense bases: treat like 3rd conjugation(ere) • Vol • Nol • Mal