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The Origin of Humans

Learn about the ever-changing theories on prehistory and the early development of humans, from the Paleolithic Age to the Neolithic Age. Explore key stages of human development and migration, including the rise of Homo habilis, Homo erectus, Neanderthals, and Cro-Magnons. Discover the impact of the agricultural revolution and the emergence of settled communities. Gain insights into the characteristics of civilizations and their advanced technologies, specialized workers, and complex institutions.

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The Origin of Humans

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  1. The Origin of Humans

  2. The First Humans Theories on prehistory and early man constantly change as new evidence comes to light. - Louis Leakey, British paleoanthropologist

  3. Early Discoveries

  4. Stages of Early Human Development 1. 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE Paleolithic Age:( Old Stone Age ) 2,500,000 BCE to 8,000 BCE 2. 1,500,000 BCE -- 250,000 BCE 3. 250,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE 4. 30,000 BCE -- 10,000 BCE

  5. The Paleolithic Age • “Paleolithic”--> “Old Stone” Age • 2,500,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE • Made tools • hunting (men) & gathering (women)  small bands of 20-30 humans • NOMADIC (moving from place to place)

  6. Stage 1 4,000,000 BCE – 1,000,000 BCE • Hominids --> any member of the family of two-legged primates that includes all humans. • Australopithecines: the earliest hominids and the first to use simple stone tools • An Apposable Thumb

  7. Stage 1 • HOMO HABILIS( “Man of Skills” ) • found in East Africa. • created flake stone tools.

  8. The Paleolithic Age • Humans during this period found shelter in caves. • Cave paintings left behind. Purpose??

  9. Stage 2 1,6000,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE • HOMO ERECTUS ( “Upright Human Being” ) • BIPEDALISM • Larger and more varied tools --> primitive technology • First hominid to migrate and leave Africa for Europe and Asia. • First to use fire ( 500,000 BCE )

  10. “What benefits does fire provide?” • Kills bacteria • Keeps predators away • Releases more carbohydrates in food, which means the food has more energy, this, is associated with the rising brain size of hominids.

  11. Differing Human Migration Theories Are we all Africans “under the skin”????

  12. http://www.bradshawfoundation.com/journey/ The journey of mankind

  13. Stage 3 200,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE HOMO SAPIENS( “Wise Human Being” ) Neanderthals( 200,000 BCE – 30,000 BCE ) Cro-Magnons( 40,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE )

  14. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS: • Neander Valley, Germany (1856) • First humans to bury their dead. • Made clothes from animal skins. • Lived in caves and tents.

  15. Stage 3 NEANDERTHALS Early Hut/Tent

  16. Stage 3 CRO-MAGNONs: Homo sapiens sapiens • “Wise, wise human” • Evolved 20,000 years ago • By 30,000 BCE they replaced Neanderthals. WHY???

  17. Homo sapiens sapiens in Europe

  18. The Last Ice Age 70,000 BCE – 10,000 BCE

  19. The San of Southern Africa • Aka “Busmen” 50-80,000 left • Clicking language • Kalahari Desert • Hunter/gathers with just stone tech. • Poisoned arrows, 28 total tools • Egalitarian • Small bands of 10-30 • No formal leaders • https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=c246fZ-7z1w

  20. The Neolithic Age • “Neolithic”“New Stone” Age • 10,000 BCE – 4,000 BCE • Gradual shift from: Nomadic lifestyle settled, stationery lifestyle. Hunting/Gathering  agricultural production and domestication of animals.

  21. The Agricultural Revolution • 8,000 BCE – 5,000 BCE • Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world. • SLASH-AND-BURN Farming Middle East India Central America China Southeast Asia 8,000 BCE 7,000 BCE 6,500 BCE 6,000 BCE 5,000 BCE

  22. The Agricultural Revolution Why do some archaeologists believe that women were the first farmers?

  23. Early Settled Communities • Growing crops on a regular basis made possible the support of larger populations. • More permanent, settled communities emerged. • 9,000 BCE  Earliest Agricultural Settlement atJARMO( northern Iraq ) wheat

  24. Early Settled Communities • 8,000 BCE  Largest Early Settlement atÇatal Hüyük( Modern Turkey )  6,000 inhabitants • 12 cultivated crops • Division of labor • Engaged in trade • Organized religion An obsidian dagger • Small military

  25. Early Settled Communities Çatal Hüyük http://www.catalhoyuk.com/

  26. The Agricultural Revolution What role did the food supply play in shaping the nomadic life of hunter-gatherers and the settled life of the farmers?

  27. Why is the "Neolithic Revolution" a turning point in human history??

  28. What is the next step in the development of human settlements??

  29. CITIES ! CIVILIZATIONS !!

  30. What are the characteristics of a civilization??

  31. Advanced Cities Advanced Technology CIVILIZATION Specialized Workers Record- Keeping Complex Institutions

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