Chemistry of Life

1. Chemistry of Life by Soňa Melušová

2. Time Line of Achievement time line of achievement =cesta k úspechu

3. Respiration and photosynthesis • Antoine-Laurent Lavoisier(1743–1794) • respiration was an oxidation process analogous to combustion • Jan Ingenhousz(1730–1799) • photosynthesis is the reverse process of respiration Drawing of Lavoisier‘s laboratory made by his wife respiration = dýchanie combustion = horenie, spaľovanie photosynthesis = fotosyntéza reverse = opačný, obrátený

4. Organic synthesis • Friedrich Wöhler(1800–1882) • synthesized urea completely from inorganic materials • a "life force" was necessary to create the diverse compounds found in living things • In more recent times synthesis of natural products has helped make expensive plant drugs more widely available. • Percy Lavon Julian(1899–1975) and Josef Pikl • synthesized the glaucoma drug physostigmine, making it inexpensive and widely available • Robert Burns Woodward(1917–1979) • synthesized many natural products, among them chlorophyll in 1960 and vitamin B12 in 1971 FriedrichWöhler plant drug = rastlinný liek glaucoma = zelený zákal

5. Viruses • Martinus Beijerinck(1851–1931) • discovered the tobacco mosaic virus, and first described viruses as being distinct from other microbes The processes of life are in fact chemical and physical processes, governed by the same laws that hold sway in the nonliving world. • Alfred Day Hershey (1908-1997) and Martha Cowles Chase • with using bacteriophages established that DNA is the carrier of genetic information • Jonas Salk(1914-1995)and Albert Bruce Sabin(1906-1993) • the development of polio vaccines distinct = odlišný govern = ovládať, riadiť polio vaccines = očkovacia látka proti detskej obrne

6. Hormones: adrenaline, insulin, and "the pill" • Jokichi Takamine(1854–1931) • isolated adrenaline – first isolation of a hormone • John James Rickard McLeod(1876–1935) • isolated insulin • identified its deficiency as the cause of diabetes Trick with adrenaline • Gregory Pincus(1903–1967) and John Rock(1890–1984) • developed the hormone progesterone into an oral contraceptive pill = tabletka contraceptive = antikoncepcia

7. Vitamins from A to K ... compaunds that the body needs only in small amounts but that are very important to good health. • André and Marguerite Lwoff • all organism use the same vitamins and coenzymes • Albert Szent-Györgyi(1893–1986) • absorbic acid = vitamin C is the vital compound in citrus fruits that stops scurvy • Robert R. Williams(1886–1965) • in 1925 discovered vitamin B1 – its deficiency causes beriberi • Dorothy Crowfoot Hodking(1910–1994) • determined the molecular structure of vitamin B12 using X-ray crystallography • Vitamin K – disovered in 1930s following an outbreak of fatal bleeding among cattle that were fed on rotten sweet-clover hay scurvy = skorbut cattle = dobytok rotten = zhnitý, skazený hay = seno

8. Antibiotics • Alexander Fleming(1881–1955) • in 1928 discovered penicillin • Howard Walter Florey and Ernst Boris Chain • development of the first useful antibiotic drug In recent time, pharmaceutical science has been challenged by the evolution of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. challenged = obmedzený resistant = odolný

9. Proteins and disease Proteins are long, chainlike molecules made by joining together a precise sequence of many small molecules called amino acids. • Emil Fischer(1852–1919) • in 1907 shows that proteins are made of amino acids • Leonor Michaelis and Maud Leonora Menten • in 1913 determined the kinetics of enzyme catalysis • James Batcheller Sumner and John Howard Northrop • 1920s – 1930s enzymes are proteins Linus Pauling in 1987 • Linus Carl Pauling(1901–1994) • a protein defect was the cause of sickle-cell anemia • Vernon Ingram • in 1956 shows the nature of sickle-cell anemia to be achange in a single amino acid in the protein hemoglobin sickle-cell anemia = chronická vrodená anémia

10. Study of early life and prebiotic evolution • Stanley L. Miller(1852–1919) • first investigation into how life could have arisen from nonliving materials • in 1953 an experiment – creates a mixture of methane, ammonia, hydrogen and water = prevalent compounds on Earth before life developed • the mixture subjected to electrical sparks – producing amino acids The experiment of S. L. Miller prevalent = bežný, rozšírený subject = vystavený spark = iskra

11. DNA and genetics • James Watson and Francis Crick • in 1953 determined that the DNA molecule is shaped like a double helix • Rosalind Franklin(1920–1958) • examination of X-ray crysatllographic data obtained by research of DNA molecul • Alfred Day Hershey(1908–1997)and Martha Cowles Chase (1930– ) • discovered that DNA carries genetic information Complementing these two discoveries was the deciphering of DNA‘s genetic code between 1961 and 1966, which was the work of numerous scientists. examination =skúšanie deciphering = dešifrovanie, rozlúštenie

12. DNA seguencing and genetic biotech Walter Gilbert(1932– )andFrederick Sanger(1918– ) • in 1977 developed separate methods of rapid DNA sequencing = rapid methods for determining the sequence of base pairs in sample of DNA W. Gilbert and F.Sanger at the reception oh the Nobel Foundation Rapid sequencing of DNA has led to many developments in genetic biotechnology, from forensic DNA analysis to the Human Genome Project. Investigation of DNA provide insight into the genetic causes of diseases. sequence = poradie forensic = súdny insight = preniknutie do postaty veci, pochopenie

13. Thank you for your attention