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Unification of Japan

Unification of Japan. Late 1400’s- Collapse of Ashikaga Shogunate Period of the Warring States Unification occurred under three powerful figures: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa. Unification of Japan. Oda Nobunaga Seized Kyoto and placed reigning shogun under his rule

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Unification of Japan

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  1. Unification of Japan • Late 1400’s- Collapse of Ashikaga Shogunate • Period of the Warring States • Unification occurred under three powerful figures: Nobunaga, Hideyoshi, and Tokugawa

  2. Unification of Japan • Oda Nobunaga • Seized Kyoto and placed reigning shogun under his rule • Battle of Nagashino - use of gunpowder weapons • Nobunaga murdered by one of his generals Oda Nobunaga

  3. Unification of Japan • Toyotomi Hideyoshi - succeeded Nobunaga • Extended lands to include Kyushu and Shikoku • Two attempts to invade Korea Toyotomi Hideyoshi

  4. Unification of Japan • Both Nobunaga and Hideyoshi used gunpowder weapons to gain power • Both unable to totally subjugate daimyo • Both had to create alliances with daimyo to gain power and hold / administer territory A gathering of Daimyo

  5. Unification of Japan • Tokugawa Ieyasu took control after death of Hideyoshi in 1598 • Tokugawa powerful daimyo of Edo • Claimed title of Shogun in 1603 • Tokugawa Shogunate most powerful and longest-lasting (1868) Tokugawa Ieyasu

  6. Shogun viewing heads of enemies

  7. Interaction with the West • First contact by Portuguese in 1543 • Arrival of Jesuit missionaries 1549- Francis Xavier • Focus on top down conversions

  8. Interaction with the West • Foreigners welcomed at first • Novelty items- clocks, eyeglasses, and tobacco • Jesuit missionaries converted many local daimyo to Christianity. By 1600, much of Kyushu and Shikoku were Christian. • Christianity used to offset power of Buddhists

  9. Interaction with the West • Daimyo interested in gunpowder weapons • Gunpowder influenced architecture- as daimyo built stone castles • Eventual banishment of gunpowder weapons and return to the cult of the sword

  10. Interaction with the West • Missionaries destroyed Japanese shrines and temples • Christians persecuted by Hideyoshi- banned by Tokugawa • Japanese Christian revolts ruthlessly suppressed • Dutch only Western nation allowed to trade with Japan- limited basis at Nagasaki

  11. Tokugawa Shogunate • Tokugawa shogun ruled over Japanese semi-feudal system • Shogun set policy for the emperor • State separated into 250 provinces called Hans. Each Han ruled by a daimyo.

  12. Tokugawa Shogunate • Two levels of Daimyo: • Fudai – (inside) lesser nobility directly subordinate to the shogun • Tozama – (outside) greater and more independent nobilty, usually residing at greater distance from shogun

  13. Tokugawa Japan • Shogun controlled nobility through hostage system • Peace under shogun lessened need for warrior class • Many samurai became managers of daimyo estates Samurai

  14. Commerce • Peace under shogunate allowed expansion of commercial sector • Business beneath them, but many daimyo forced to promote sale of goods to bring in revenue Japanese market

  15. Commerce • Banks formed • Use of paper money • Establishment of guilds to regulate the markets

  16. Samurai • Did not benefit from peace • Barred from commerce by tradition • Relied on rice lands for income • Many debt-ridden

  17. Samurai • Many samurai released from service- became masterless or ronin • Ronin became problem due to plots and revolts

  18. Agriculture • Farmers did not benefit from peace • High taxes forced many from their lands • Tenant farming • Wage laborers • Revolts- 7,000 revolts in Tokugawa period Rice farming

  19. Tokugawa Japan • Japan chose isolation • Neo-Confucianism replaced by the School of National Learning- philosophy based on native Japanese culture

  20. Tokugawa Japan • Unlike scholar-gentry, Japanese did not ignore outside world • Kept informed of outside events through Dutch trade at Nagasaki Japanese scribe

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