Decolonization and Apartheid: Understanding Historical Impact and Modern Challenges

1. Decolonization

2. Decolonization • Imperialism: A large country takes over a small country, and takes its natural resources • Colony: The small country, when run by a large country • Decolonization: The large country no longer wants the small country and stops running it, allows the people to run it themselves

3. Steps for Chaos • Foreign government has a structure in place to run the country • Foreign government leaves the country, and takes its stability and power with it • Groups within the country fight for power

4. India • Ethnic Problems: • Two major groups in India • Hindus • Muslims

5. India • In an attempt to calm religious tension, India broke into two parts • India: Hindu • Pakistan: Muslim

6. India • England owned portions of India for over 100 years • After WWII England no longer had time or money to run India

7. Problems After Decolonization • Lack of leadership • Poverty • Caste System • Overpopulation • Lack of sanitation • Health concerns

8. 1975 1955

9. Understanding the History of South Africa & Apartheid

10. Early HistoryA Time Line • 1806 – British take over Cape of Good Hope • 1867 – Discovery of Gold • 1886 – Discovery of Diamonds • 1889 – 1902 – The Boer War (British and Dutch settlers fight over land) • English won • 1902 – The beginning of apartheid • 1990’s – The end of apartheid

11. South Africa • The Cape of Good Hope officially becomes South Africa • The English instituted a policy of apartheid

12. Population by Race • “Colored” is a term used for mixed black, Malayan, and white descent • Asian population is mainly Indian ancestry

13. World’s Largest Producer… • Gold • Platinum • Chromium • Diamonds

14. Apartheid Apartheid = “Separateness” The separation of races

15. HendrikVerwoerd Prime Minister of South Africa from 1958 until his assassination in 1966 “Architect of Apartheid”

16. Rural vs. Urban • Group Acts of 1950 & 1986 • 1.5 Million Africans were forced from urban areas to rural reservations • 1961 – Pressure from UN

17. Homelands • “Reservations” or “Bantustans” • Verwoerd forced Africans to move onto these reservations • Each reservation was to become a nation • Africans had rights and freedoms only on the reservation • Outside the homelands, treated as aliens • Poor quality land • Completely incapable of supporting large populations • Lack of food and medicine

18. Houses in Soweto, a black township.

19. Apartheid No Rights for Non-whites • No right to vote • No ownership of land • No right to move freely • No right to free speech • No right to protest the government

20. Images of Apartheid

21. Apartheid separated the whites from the non-whites

25. The Pass Book • Needed special permits to live outside of reservations • Failure to meet curfew or have passbook = subject to arrest • Curfew regulations

27. Resistance and Protests Apartheid is Challenged

28. Nelson Mandela • Nelson Mandela peacefully fought to end apartheid. He served 27 years in prison for such “treason.” • Thousands of other South African non-whites were imprisoned and executed for their resistance against apartheid.

29. 1960 Sharpeville Massacre • In 1960, during a peaceful protest in the city of Sharpeville, 69 people were killed • This massacre ignited additional demonstrations and protests against the unfair treatment of non-whites

30. 1985 Demonstration • The message was simple: “Freedom in Our Lifetime!”

32. 1994 • Reservations abolished and territories reabsorbed into the nation of South Africa • Apartheid caused major economic hardships on South Africa • International sanctions • Decreased labor force • Cut investments from countries like U.S.A. • First multiracial election • Nelson Mandela elected president of South Africa (1994 – 1999)

34. South Africa Today • 1994 – The end of Apartheid • Today’s president: Thabo Mbeki • (16 June 1999) • Presidents serve 5 year term

35. Africa and Decolonization • Africa was the largest area of colonies in the world • After WWII, most foreign governments left Africa and gave control over to the Africans

36. Problems • Lack of experience running a nation • Poor economies • Lack of technology • Multiple groups want power

37. Côte d'Ivoire Civil War • Arab-Israeli War (1948) • Suez Crisis • Six Day War • War of Attrition • Yom Kippur War • Libyan-Egyptian War • Mau Mau Uprising (1952–1960) • Shifta War (1963–1967) • 2011–2012 Libyan factional fighting • Libyan civil war • Chadian-Libyan conflict • Libyan-Egyptian War • Tuareg Rebellion • Insurgency in the Maghreb ( • Northern Mali conflict (2012–present) • Mauritania-Senegal Border War • Western Sahara War • Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) • nsurgency in the Maghreb • Tuareg Rebellion • 2009 Nigerian sectarian violence • 2010 Jos riots • Nigerian Civil War 1967-1970 • Nigerian Sharia conflict • Conflict in the Niger Delta • Rwandan Civil War • Rwandan Genocide • Sierra Leone Civil War • Somali Civil War • War in Somalia 2006–present • First Sudanese Civil War • Anyanya rebellion • Second Sudanese Civil War • Darfur Conflict • Chad-Sudan conflict • Tunisian independence • Bizerte crisis • 2010–2011 Tunisian revolution • 1971 Ugandan coup d'état • Operation Entebbe (1976) • Uganda-Tanzania War (1978 – 1979) • Fall of Kampala (1979) • Uganda National Rescue Front (1980–1985) • Ugandan Civil War (1982 – 1986) • Uganda People's Democratic Army (1986–1988) • Holy Spirit Movement (1986–1987) • Lord's Resistance Army (1987–present) • Allied Democratic Forces (1996-?) • Uganda National Rescue Front II (1996–2002) • Second Matabele War a.k.a. the First Chimurenga • Second Chimurenga/Rhodesian Bush War 1964-1979 • Algerian Civil War • Angolan Civil War • Burundi genocid • Burundi Civil War • Titanic Express Massacre • Itaba Massacre • Gautama Massacre • Civil war in Chad (1965–1979) • Civil war in Chad (1979-1982) • Chadian-Libyan conflict • Civil war in Chad (1998–2002) • Civil war in Chad (2005–2010 • Insurgency in the Maghreb (2002–present) • Congo (Brazzaville) Civil War • Kongo Civil War • Congo Free State • Congo Crisis June 1960 - November 1966 • Katangan Secession • South Kasai Secession • Simba Rebellion • Shaba I 1977 • Shaba II 1978 • First Congo War • Second Congo War • Ituri Conflict • Kivu Conflict

38. The Rwandan Genocide 1994

39. Imperialism • In the 1600’s Belgium took control of Rwanda

40. The Belgians decided that the Tutsis were the rulers of Rwanda • Tutsis were the minority of the population • When kings distributed the land, they gave it the to Tutsis who charged Hutus to live and work on the land

42. Identification • The Belgians: • Issued passcards to Rwandans • Gave preferential treatment to Tutsis (“with the long nose”) • Hutu’s had “blunt nose”

43. Decolonization • Rwanda gains its independence from Belgium in 1961

44. Beginning of a Social Revolution • Hutus begin to form a nationalist party (Parmahutu) to fight for their rights in 1959 • Began killings of Tutsi (20,000 the first year) • 200,000 Tutsi refugees flee border

45. The Rwandan Civil War • Conflict lasting from 1990-1993 • Between the government of President Habyarimana (Hutu) and the rebel Rwandan Patriotic Front (Tutsi group in other country) • Tutsis were trying to take back the power in Rwanda • Peace agreements were signed, but Habyarimana (Hutu President) will not step down Habyarimana

46. The Catalyst • On April 6, 1994,the airplane carrying Rwandan President Habyarimana and the Hutu president of Burundi was shot down as it prepared to land in Kigali • Both presidents died when the plane crashed. • Responsibility for the attack is disputed • In spite of disagreements about the identities of its perpetrators, the attack on the plane is to many observers the catalyst for the genocide

47. United Nations • The United Nations had officers in Rwanda, but they were not allowed to use force to stop the violence • They tried to get Tutsi’s out of the country

48. Foreign Response • All other nations: • France • US • Great Britain • Canada • Sent airplanes to get anyone from their countries out • Tourists • Reporters • Aid workers • Then they let the genocide begin

49. The Beginnings of Genocide • National radio urged people to stay in their homes • The government-funded-Hutu-station RTLM broadcast vitriolic attacks against Tutsis and anyone who protected them • A special “code” was announced on the radio when the killings were to begin • Cut down the tall trees

50. Genocide • This was a genocide • The deliberate and systematic destruction, in whole or in part, of an ethnic, racial, religious, or national group.