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Classification

Classification. Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today. Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms . Orcinus orca. A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system. uses Latin words scientific names always written in italics

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Classification

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  1. Classification

  2. Linnaeus developed the scientific naming system still used today • Taxonomy is the science of naming and classifying organisms Orcinus orca • A taxon is a group of organisms in a classification system

  3. uses Latin words • scientific names always written in italics • two parts are the genus name and species descriptor • Binomial nomenclature is a two-part scientific naming system.

  4. A genus includes one or more physically similar species. • Species in the same genus are thought to be closely related. • Genus name is always capitalized. • A species descriptor is the second part of a scientific name. • always lowercase • always follows genusname; never written alone Callinectessapidus

  5. Scientific names help scientists to communicate. • Some species have very similar common names. • Some species have many common names. Dolphin, porpoise, dolphinfish, mahimahi http://www.foxnews.com/science/2013/07/23/hey-flipper-dolphins-use-names-to-reunite/

  6. Linnaeus’ classification system has seven levels • Each level is included in the level above it. • Levels get increasingly specific from kingdom to species.

  7. The Linnaean classification system has limitationsOrganisms can be classified based on physical similarities • Linnaeus taxonomy doesn’t account for molecular evidence. • The technology didn’t exist during 1700’s when Linneaus lived • Linnaean system based only on physical similarities. • Physical similarities are not always the result of close relationships • Genetic similarities more accurately show close relationships Modern classification is based on genetic similarity

  8. Cladistics is classification based on common ancestry • Phylogeny is the evolutionary history for a group of species. • evidence from living species, fossil record, and molecular data • shown with branching tree diagrams

  9. classification based on common ancestry • species placed in order that they descended from common ancestor • Cladistics is a common method to make trees. Horseshoe Crab Living fossil - found in Ordovician strata 450 mya

  10. A cladogram is an evolutionary tree made using cladistics. • A clade is a group of species that shares a common ancestor. • Each species in a clade shares some traits with the ancestor. • Each species in a clade has traits that have changed.

  11. major-clades-of-animals-april-2013-5

  12. KINGDOM Animalia • 1. Animal Clade 2. Unicellular Animals • 3. Multicellular Animals 4. Tissue-Level Grade • 5. Organ-Level Grade 6. The Radiate Animals • 7. The Bilaterians 8. The Nephrozoans • 9. The Deuterostomes 10. The Protostomes • 11. The Ecdysozoans 12. The Spiralians

  13. Molecular evidence reveals species’ relatedness • Molecular data may confirm classification based on physical similarities. • Molecular data may lead scientists to propose a new classification. • DNA is usually given the last word by scientists.

  14. Mitochondrial DNA and ribosomal RNA provide two types of molecular clocks • Different molecules have different mutation rates. • Mitochondria DNA higher mutation rate (10x faster than chromosomal DNA, • passed down unshuffled from mother to offspring • better for studying closely related species • Ribosomal RNA • lower mutation rate than most DNA , • many conservative regions, • better for studying distantly related species

  15. Plantae Animalia Classification is always a work in progress • The current tree of life has three domains • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae

  16. Protista Classification is always a work in progress • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae Plantae Animalia • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista

  17. Plantae Animalia Protista Monera Classification is always a work in progress • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera

  18. Plantae Animalia Protista Fungi Classification is always a work in progress • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera • 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom Monera

  19. Plantae Animalia Protista Archea Bacteria Fungi Classification is always a work in progress • The tree of life shows our most current understanding. • New discoveries can lead to changes in classification. • Until 1866: only two kingdoms,Animalia and Plantae • 1866: all single-celled organisms moved to kingdom Protista • 1938: prokaryotes moved to kingdom Monera • 1959: fungi moved to own kingdom • 1977: kingdom Monerasplit into kingdoms Bacteria and Archaea

  20. The three domains in the tree of life are Bacteria, Archaea, and Eukarya. • Domains are above the kingdom level. • proposed by Carl Woese based on rRNA studies of prokaryotes • domain model more clearly shows prokaryotic diversity

  21. kingdom Protista has been adjusted The taxonomy of protists is still changing. Newer classifications attempt to use ultrastructure, biochemistry, and genetics. (unranked): Archaeplastida Division: Rhodophyta Kingdom: Chromalveolata Phylum: Heterokontophyta The heterokonts or stramenopiles are a major line of Protists. Currently containing more than 100,000 species. Most are algae, ranging from the giant kelp to the tiny diatoms. Originally the heterokont algae were treated as two divisions, first within the kingdom Plantae and later the Protista Division Chrysophyta Class Chrysophyceae (golden algae) Class Bacillariophyceae (diatoms) Division Phaeophyta (brown algae)

  22. Domain Eukarya includes all eukaryotes • kingdom Plantae Green algae Chlorophyta and charophyta

  23. Marine Phyla – 27 members of Kingdom Animalia • http://www.mesa.edu.au/phyla/ • Shows all new supergroups http://comenius.susqu.edu/biol/202/taxa.htm

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