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History of Forensics

Explore the captivating history of forensics, from early Chinese investigations to modern techniques such as fingerprint analysis and bloodstain pattern interpretation. Learn about key figures like Mathieu Orfila, Francis Galton, and their contributions to the field. Discover how pioneers like Calvin Goddard and Edmond Locard revolutionized crime scene processing and evidence examination. Unravel the fascinating stories that have shaped forensic science into an indispensable tool for solving crimes.

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History of Forensics

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  1. History of Forensics CHS

  2. Define Forensics • Forensics is the application of science to law.

  3. Earliest record of applying forensics to solve a crime • Yi Yu Ji “A collection of criminal cases” • Chinese woman suspected of murder • Her husband was found dead after a fire broke out. • Coroner solved the case by • Noticing that there was no ashes in the husbands mouth • He decided to experiment by burning 2 pigs • One alive one dead • Dead pig - no ashes in mouth • Live pig- ashes in mouth

  4. Earliest record of applying entomology to solve a crime • The Chinese lawyer and death investigator Sung Tzu Described a murder. • A stabbing took place near a rice field. • The day after the murder the investigator had all the workers put out their sickles. • Small unseen traces of blood attracted Blowflies to only one sickle

  5. Mathieu Orfila • the father of forensic toxicology. • He published: A General System of Toxicology, or, a Treatise on Poisons, Drawn from the Mineral, Vegetable, and Animal Kingdoms, Considered as to their Relations with Physiology, Pathology and Medical Jurisprudence

  6. Alphonse Bertillion • Devised the first scientific system of personal identification in 1879.

  7. Francis Galton • Conducted the first definitive study of fingerprints and their classification • He wrote about the technique identifying common pattern in fingerprints and devising a classification system that survives to this day. • The method of identifying criminals by their fingerprints had been introduced in the 1860s by Sir William James Herschel in India

  8. Leone Lattes • Developed a procedure to determine blood type from dried bloodstains.

  9. Calvin Goddard • Used a comparison microscope to determine if a particular gun fired a bullet.

  10. Evidence Processing in the St Valentine’s Day Massacre in Chicago • The shooters had left behind 70 empty 45 caliber cartridge casings and the weapons that fired them were identified by Calvin Goddard as .45-caliber Thomson submachine guns. • By differentiating two distinct sets of ejector marks on the cartridge case, Goddard determined that two weapons had fired the seventy shells. Fifty cartridges had been fired from one Thompson and twenty from the other

  11. LOOK AWAY

  12. Albert Osborn • Developed the fundamental principles of document examination. Handwriting  ”Evidence" in the Lindbergh Case

  13. Walter McCrone • Utilized microscopy and other analytical methodologies to examine evidence. • Found titanium in paint, proving the Vinland map a forgery Vinland map

  14. Hans Gross • Wrote the first treatise describing the application of scientific principles to the field of criminal investigation. • Father of modern criminalistics.

  15. Edmond Locard • Incorporated Gross’ principles within a workable crime laboratory. • Exchange Principle - Trace evidence is based on Locard’s Exchange Principle which contends that every contact, no matter how slight, will leave a trace. The trace is normally caused by objects or substances contacting one another, and leaving a minute sample on the contact surfaces.

  16. References • Criminalistics, Saferstein, Criminalistics, Saferstein, 9th edition, 2007 • http://www.enotes.com/forensic-science/orfila-mathieu-joseph-bonaventure • http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Francis_Galton • http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/15/1502303.pdf • http://crime-scene-processing.suite101.com/article.cfm/lockards_exchange_principle • http://forensicscience.suite101.com/article.cfm/st_valentines_day_massacre#ixzz0xuqc1LRV

  17. Pictures • Slide 2 • http://to55er.wordpress.com/2009/07/08/ • http://shadows-canisters.tripod.com/id14.html • Slide 3 • http://www.blackenedmoon.com/IMAGES/FireAnimation.gif • Slide 4 • http://images.absoluteastronomy.com/images/encyclopediaimages/m/ma/mathieu_joseph_bonaventure_orfila.jpg • Slide 5 • Criminalistics, Saferstein, Criminalistics, Saferstein, 9th edition, 2007 • Slide 6 • http://www.barcode.ro/tutorials/biometrics/fingerprint.html • http://criminaljustice.state.ny.us/ojis/history/ph_galtn.htm • Slide 7 • http://www.bobaugust.com/n1.jpg • Slide 8 • http://www.trutv.com/library/crime/notorious_murders/not_guilty/sacco/18.html • http://www.doj.state.wi.us/dles/crimelabs/images/fa-ct-bl.jpg • Slide 9 • http://www.mivs.com/products/videoproducts/comparison/images/px003-600.jpg • Slide 10 • http://www.lindberghkidnappinghoax.com/osborn.jpg • Slide 11 • http://www.lindberghkidnappinghoax.com/osborn.jpg • Slide 12 • http://www.spectroscopynow.com/ftp_images/2Sl16-vinlandmap_lge.jpg • Slide 13 • http://www.forensic-science.com/Hans_Gross.jpg

  18. Pictures • http://i.cdn.turner.com/trutv/trutv.com/graphics/photos/notorious_murders/mass/villisca/Edmond-Locard200.jpg • http://history.howstuffworks.com/american-history/capone-tax-evasion1.htm

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