Understanding the Big Four Macromolecules: Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, Nucleic Acids

1. CHAPTER 3The Structure and Function of Macromolecules “You are what you eat!”

2. Objectives • Distinguish among proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and nucleic acids. • Identify the major structural components and functions of the four major macromolecules

3. What is a MACROmolecule? • A Large molecule with a complex structure • A polymer built from monomers Macromolecule “little” molecule

4. Mono - mer • The “building blocks” of polymers • A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer. One Part

5. Poly - mer • A long molecule made of monomers bonded together Many Parts

6. Check for Understanding • What is the connection between a monomer and a polymer

7. Check for Understanding • How are these Lego structures like Polymers

8. Three of life’s organic macromolecules are polymers • Carbohydrate • Proteins • Nucleic acids

9. How are Polymers made? • Monomers are bonded to form polymers • condensation reactions (also called dehydration synthesis) remove water to MAKE a bond

10. How do polymers break down? • Hydrolysisreaction • Hydro – lysis • Water is added to break the bonds that hold the polymer together. To Break Water

11. Hydrolysis

12. Check for Understanding Why would polymers need to be “broken down”?

13. 4 Major Organic Macromolecules: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Lipids • Nucleic Acids

14. CARBOHYDRATES

15. CARBOHYDRATES • Carbs are SUGARS • All natural sugars end in “-OSE”

16. Carbo - hydrate Carbon Water • Contain only C, H, and O • Always have 2x as many hydrogen as they do carbon and oxygen

17. The monomers and polymers of Carbs • Monomer = Monosaccharides • Simple sugars • “mono” = one; “saccharide” = sugar • Polymers: complex sugars • Disaccharides (di = two) • Polysaccharides (poly = many)

18. Functions of Carbohydrates: • Provide energy for daily life and activities = MAIN ENERGY SOURCE • Short term energy source • Structural/building material in plants

19. Check for Understanding What are some functions of carbohydrates?

20. monosaccharides form rings in water (most of your cytoplasm is water)

21. Structure of Disaccharides • Two monosaccharides that share a bond

22. Check for Understanding • What reaction forms the bond between two monosaccharides to create a disaccharide? • Dehydration synthesis

24. Check for Understanding • Which reaction will break down a dissacharide?

25. Polysaccharides • Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides. • Functions: • Short term energy storage • structural support

26. Examples of complex Carbs:

27. Starch (amylose) – Plant polymer used for energy storage • We CAN break this down and use it

28. Cellulose – plant polymer used in cell walls • This is what we call FIBER • We CANNOT break this down and use it for energy

29. Glycogen is the animal short-term storage form of energy • Glucose monomers are linked together and stored in the liver until needed

30. Check for Understanding • What reaction breaks the bond between the glucose molecules in glycogen so the body can use them for energy? • Hydrolysis

31. Chitin is a polysaccharide used as a structural material in arthropod exoskeleton and fungal cell walls.

32. Draw a Carbohydrate • Draw a polysaccharide sugar. • Be sure to draw water molecules leaving the bond to represent condensation reaction.

33. Pick up the “Nucleic Acids” Note Page on front table • Draw a disaccharide with a water molecule coming out at the bond site Bell Work

34. LIPIDS

35. What are Lipids? • Fats and oils • Steroids and hormones

36. Monomers • The building blocks of all lipids are called • Fatty Acids • Elements = C,H,O • Long chains of carbon and hydrogen

37. Functions of Lipids in living things: • Long Term Energy Storage • Can store 2x as much energy as carbohydrates! • Cell membrane structure • Insulating against cold

38. Lipid Polymers • Complex lipids are all built with fatty acid monomers • NOT TRUE POLYMERS • Examples: phospholipids and triglycerides

39. Phospholipids • Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group. • Function: Main component of cell membranes

40. Phospholipids in Water

41. Draw a Phospholipid • Label the parts/components • Label the drawing as a phospholipid

42. Triglycerides (common fat in foods) • 1 glycerol and 3 fatty acid tails • Glycerol – an alcohol with three carbons • Fatty Acid - Long Hydrocarbon chains with a Carboxyl group at one end.

43. Draw a Lipid • Triglyceride

44. Bell Work • Pick up Proteins note page on front table • Which macromolecule would you consume before running a race and why?

45. PROTEINS

46. Proteins • Elements: C, H, O, N

47. Proteins • Monomer = amino acids • connected by peptide bonds • Polymer = polypeptides

48. Amino Acids • Have 4 functional groups • R groups = 20 different side chains are possible

49. 20 amino acids

50. Did you know? • Our body can only make 12 of the 20 amino acids. • It is essential to eat the other 8