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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

The Structure and Function of Macromolecules. Introduction and Carbohydrates. What is a macromolecule. Macro = large There are 4 groups of molecules that are found in large quantities in our bodies. The molecules themselves are large. They are: Carbohydrates Proteins Nucleic Acids Lipids.

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The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

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  1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules Introduction and Carbohydrates

  2. What is a macromolecule • Macro = large • There are 4 groups of molecules that are found in large quantities in our bodies. • The molecules themselves are large. • They are: • Carbohydrates • Proteins • Nucleic Acids • Lipids

  3. What is a macromolecule? • Macromolecules are polymers. • Poly- = many • -mer = unit • Polymers are long molecules built by linking repeating building blocks or units in a chain. • Held together with covalent bonds.

  4. H2O HO H HO H HO H How are macromolecules made? • Dehydration synthesis or condensation synthesis. • Hydrogen is removed from one subunit while hydroxyl group is removed from the adjacent subunit. • They join together to form a water molecule.

  5. H2O HO H H HO H HO How are macromolecules broken apart? • Process is called hydrolysis. • A molecule of water is used. • The water molecule is split apart into the H+ and OH- ions. • H+ attaches to one end and the OH- attaches to the other.

  6. CH2OH O H H H OH H OH HO H OH Carbohydrates

  7. Carbohydrates • General formula = CH2O • 1 C: 2H : 1 O • Monomer = sugars • Names tend to end in -ose • Functions • Energy • Energy storage • Raw materials • Structural materials

  8. Ways of Classifying Sugars • Location of the carbonyl group aldehyde ketone

  9. H O C CH2OH CH2OH C OH O H H O H H H OH H OH H C H HO OH HO HO H H H OH OH H Glyceraldehyde Glucose Ribose Ways of Classifying Sugars • Numbers of Carbons • 3 carbons = triose • 5 carbons = pentose • 6 carbons = hexose 6 5 3

  10. Ways of Classifying Sugars • Special arrangements In Starch In Cellulose • Isomers of glucose • Think about the relationship of structure and function

  11. Another example of special arrangements • Another example comparing glucose and galactose

  12. 3 Classes of Carbohydrates • Monosaccharides • Simple • 1 sugar • Examples – fructose, ribose, glucose • Disaccharides • 2 sugars • Joined together with a glycosidic linkage Sucrose Glucose Fructose

  13. Classes of Carbohydrates • Examples of Dissacharides • Sucrose = glucose + fructose This is table sugar. • Maltose = glucose + glucose This is used in making malt beverages. • Lactose = galactose + glucose This is milk sugar.

  14. Classes of Carbohydrates • Polysaccharides • Many sugars. • Examples • Starch: Storage polysaccharide in plants • Simplest = amylose (unbranched) • More complex starch = amylopectin (branched)

  15. Polysaccharides continued • Glycogen • Storage polysaccharide in animals • Is branched • Stored as glucagon in the liver • Cellulose • Structural polysaccharide in plants • Found in plant cell walls • Also called fiber • Animals can not break it down

  16. Polysaccharides continued • Chitin • Structural polysaccharide • Found in the exoskeleton of arthropods and cell walls of fungi.

  17. Starch vs Glycogen Starch Plants Energy Storage Glycogen Animals

  18. Starch vs Cellulose Easy to digest Difficult to digest

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