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Exploring Organic Macromolecules: Structures, Functions, and Classes

Learn about the classes of organic macromolecules - Carbohydrates, Proteins, Lipids, and Nucleic Acids. Discover the structure, functions, and classifications of monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides. Explore the composition and functions of lipids, fatty acids, triglycerides, and phospholipids. Understand the role of nucleic acids like DNA and RNA in living organisms. Dive into the complex world of proteins, their structures, amino acids, and functions. This comprehensive guide will expand your knowledge of macromolecules and their significance in biological systems.

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Exploring Organic Macromolecules: Structures, Functions, and Classes

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  1. The Structure and Function of Macromolecules

  2. Classes of Organic Macromolecules: 1) Carbohydrates 2) Proteins 3) Lipids 4) Nucleic Acids (DNA and RNA)

  3. I. Polymers • Poly = many; mer = part. A polymer is a large molecule consisting of many smaller sub-units bonded together. • A monomer is a sub-unit of a polymer.

  4. A. Making and Breaking Polymers • How are covalent linkages between monomers formed in the creation of organic polymers? • Condensation or dehydration synthesis reactions. • Monomers are covalently linked to one another through the removal of water.

  5. Condensation or Dehydration Reaction -monomers combine to make polymers -a molecule of H2O is lost

  6. Hydrolysis-polymers are broken down into monomers (H2O added)

  7. Carbohydrates can be classified into three groups: • Monosaccharides (Mono = one) • Disaccharides (Di = two) • Polysaccharides (Poly = many)

  8. 1. Structure of Monosaccharides

  9. The structure and classification of some monosaccharides

  10. In aqueous solutions many monosaccharides form rings:

  11. Linear and Ring Forms of Glucose

  12. Monosaccharides are classified according to the size of their carbon chains, varies from 3 to 7 carbons. Triose = 3 carbons Pentose = 5 carbons Hexose = 6 carbons

  13. 2. Structure of Disaccharides • Double sugar that consists of 2 monosaccharides, joined by a glycosidic linkage. • What reaction forms the glycosidic linkage?

  14. Examples of Disaccharides: Sucrose = glucose + fructose Lactose = glucose + galactose

  15. Examples of Disaccharide Synthesis

  16. Polysaccharides • Structure: Polymers of a few hundred or a few thousand monosaccharides. • Functions: energy storage molecules or for structural support:

  17. Storage Polysaccharides

  18. Chitin, a Structural Polysaccharide: Exoskeleton and Surgical Thread

  19. Starch and Cellulose Structures

  20. Starch and Cellulose Structures 

  21. Lipids • Structure: Greasy or oily nonpolar compounds that are insoluble in water • Functions:

  22. Structure of Fatty Acids • Long chains of mostly carbon and hydrogen atoms with a -COOH group at one end. • When they are part of lipids, the fatty acids resemble long flexible tails.

  23. The Role of Hydrocarbons in Fats

  24. Structure of Triglycerides • Glycerol + 3 fatty acids • 3 ester linkages are formed between a hydroxyl group of the glycerol and a carboxyl group of the fatty acid.

  25. Saturated and Unsaturated Fats • Unsaturated fats : • Saturated fats:

  26. Saturated fatty acid

  27. Saturated fatty acid Unsaturated fatty acid

  28. Examples of Saturated and Unsaturated Fats and Fatty Acids

  29. These are unsaturated fats, they have at least one double bond.

  30. These are saturated fatty acid tails (no bonds in the middle)

  31. Phospholipids • Structure: Glycerol + 2 fatty acids + phosphate group.

  32. Two Structures Formed by Self-Assembly of Phospholipids in Aqueous Environments

  33. Waxes • Function: • Lipids that serve as coatings for plant parts and as animal coverings.

  34. Steroids • Structure: Four carbon rings with no fatty acid tails • Functions: • Component of animal cell membranes • Modified to form sex hormones

  35. Cholesterol, a steroid    

  36. A Comparison of Female (estrogen) and Male (testosterone) Sex Hormones

  37. The Components of Nucleic Acids

  38. We Love DNA, Made of Nucleotides, Sugar, Phosphate, and a Base, Bonded Down One Side! Adenine and Thymine, Make a Lovely Pair, Cytosine Without Guanine, Would Seem so Bare.

  39. DNA Structure Phosphodiester Bond 5’ 3’ polarity-OH 5’ Carbon 3’ Carbon

  40. Proteins • Structure: made of C,H,O, +N. • Polypeptide chain connected by peptide bonds between 20 possible amino acid monomers • Have a 3 dimensional globular shape

  41. Great Source of Protein! What are your other sources of protein?

  42. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins: Nonpolar

  43. The 20 Amino Acids of Proteins: Polar and Electrically Charged

  44. Functions of Proteins

  45. An Overview of Protein Functions

  46. Structure of Amino Acid Monomers

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