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Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders

Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders. Anatomy and Physiology. Organs Thymus gland Bone marrow Lymph nodes Spleen Liver Tonsils. Anatomy and Physiology. Types of Immunity Active natural Active artificial Passive natural Passive artificial. Common Signs and Symptoms.

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Chapter 5 Immune System Diseases and Disorders

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  1. Chapter 5Immune System Diseases and Disorders

  2. Anatomy and Physiology • Organs • Thymus gland • Bone marrow • Lymph nodes • Spleen • Liver • Tonsils

  3. Anatomy and Physiology • Types of Immunity • Active natural • Active artificial • Passive natural • Passive artificial

  4. Common Signs and Symptoms • Symptoms varied and related to factors such as: • Immunodeficiency - lack of immunity • Autoimmune - immunity against self • Isoimmune - immunity against other humans

  5. Diagnostic Testing • Skin tests • Desensitization • Blood count • Coombs’ test • ANA, RF

  6. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Allergies • Examples - hay fever, asthma • Common reactions - urticaria and contact dermatitis

  7. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Allergies • Symptoms: • Elevated eosinophil count • Redness, heat, swelling, itching • Runny nose, cough, sneezing, wheezing, nasal congestion

  8. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Hay fever • Reaction in mucous membranes of nose and upper respiratory tract to an allergen • Symptoms - sneezing, watery eyes, runny nose, itching

  9. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Hay fever • Causes of seasonal - tree pollen, grasses, ragweed pollen, agricultural crops • Causes of nonseasonal - dust mites, pet dander, food allergies

  10. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Treatment • Removal of allergen • Air-conditioned environment or move to different climate • Antihistamines • Allergy desensitization

  11. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Asthma • Aka bronchial asthma • Symptoms: • Extreme shortness of breath • Difficulty breathing • Wheezing, anxiety, cough

  12. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Asthma • Treatment: • Avoidance of causative allergens • Desensitization • Education • Medication • No cure but can be controlled

  13. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Anaphylaxis • Severe allergic response to an allergen • Common causes - antibiotics, anesthetics, codeine, insulin, vaccines, foods, pollens, latex, etc.

  14. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Anaphylaxis • May be mild to life threatening • Symptoms: • Itching of throat, tongue, and scalp • Edema of face and airways leading to difficulty breathing

  15. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Treatment • Emergency tracheostomy • Epinephrine • Corticosteroids • Antihistamines

  16. Hypersensitivity Disorders • Food Allergies • Chocolate and shellfish are common • Symptoms: • Cramping • Diarrhea • Vomiting

  17. Contact Dermatitis • Acute or chronic allergic skin reaction • Causes - cosmetics, laundry products, plants, jewelry, paint, drugs • Common example - poison ivy

  18. Autoimmune Disorders • Rheumatic Fever • Follows group A strep infection • Occurs 1 to 4 weeks after strep infection; onset is either sudden or gradual • Symptoms: fever, malaise, joint pain • Accurate diagnosis of strep infections best preventive measure

  19. Autoimmune Disorders • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Abnormal antibody that attacks or attaches to body’s own cells and tissues • Antibody called rheumatoid factor (RF) in blood is indicative of disease • Classic sign is ulnar deviation • Progressive disease

  20. Autoimmune Disorders • Rheumatoid Arthritis • Treatment • Anti-inflammatory medications • Analgesics • Exercise and rest routine • Corticosteroids short term • Surgical joint replacement

  21. Autoimmune Disorders • Myasthenia Gravis • Onset is slow • Symptoms • Diplopia • Ptosis • Dysphagia

  22. Autoimmune Disorders • Myasthenia Gravis • Symptoms • Dysphonia • Difficulty with facial expressions • Fatigue

  23. Autoimmune Disorders • Myasthenia Gravis • Periods of remission and exacerbation • Treatment • Mestinon • Plasma exchange

  24. Autoimmune Disorders • Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus • Formerly known as insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus • Alters carbohydrate or sugar metabolism • Triggered by viral infections such as rubella, mumps, and influenza

  25. Lupus Erythematosus • Two types - cutaneous (discoid) and systemic (diffuse) • Cutaneous is limited to the skin • Systemic affects multiple systems • Symptoms of SLE: • Butterfly rash, joint pain, fever, weight loss

  26. Autoimmune Disorders • Systemic Erythematosus • SLE is chronic with remissions and exacerbations

  27. Autoimmune Disorders • Systemic Erythematosus • Treatment is symptomatic: • NSAIDS • Antipyretics • Analgesics • Corticosteroids

  28. Autoimmune Disorder • Scleroderma • Hardening, thickening, and shrinking of connective tissues, including the skin • Periods of exacerbation and remission • Symptoms • Thick, leather-like shiny taut skin, joint contractures, Raynaud’s phenomenon

  29. Testing for Infection • Symptoms • Fever • Tachycardia • Malaise • Leukocytosis • Septicemia

  30. Testing for Infection • Tests • Culture • Sensitivity • Antigen-antibody reactive test • Serologic testing • Skin testing

  31. Autoimmune Disorders • No cure or treatment • May use antibiotics, immunosuppressive and anti-inflammatory • Muscle stretching and strengthening exercises may be beneficial

  32. Isoimmune Disorders • Blood Transfusion Reaction • Type of tissue transplant • Type O is universal blood donor • Type AB is the universal recipient • Symptoms of transfusion • Chills, shivering, fever

  33. Isoimmune Disorders • Erythroblastosis Fetalis • Mother’s antibodies attack and destroy antigen on baby’s RBCs, ultimately causing death • Usually no problem with first baby of Rh negative mother and Rh positive baby

  34. Isoimmune Disorders • Erythroblastosis Fetalis • Condition only affects Rh positive babies carried by Rh negative mothers

  35. Isoimmune Disorders • Erythroblastosis Fetalis • Treatment is transfusion of baby’s blood at birth • RhoGAM has halted this condition • RhoGAM is given prophylactically after delivery of first fetus

  36. Organ Rejection • Human immune system attacks transplanted tissue • More closely matched donor decreases chance of rejection • Acute rejection occurs early • Chronic rejection occurs over longer period

  37. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Inability of immune system to protect individual against disease • Congenital, genetic disorder, or acquired • Causes include: • Bone marrow suppression from chemotherapy and radiation

  38. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Causes include: • Medications given to organ transplant recipients • AIDS

  39. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Human immunodeficiency virus • Eradicates individual’s lymphocytes

  40. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS) • Stages: • Acute infection • Asymptomatic HIV • Symptomatic HIV

  41. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Advanced HIV • Anti-viral medications such as AZT may slow HIV replication and disease progress

  42. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Transmission of AIDS • Intimate contact and sharing body fluids • Virus must enter bloodstream to cause infection

  43. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Transmission of AIDS • Misconceptions about transmission: • Cannot get from toilet seats, doorknobs, furniture, water fountains, social kissing, coughing, or sneezing

  44. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Three ways AIDS is primarily spread • Sexual intercourse • Sharing of hypodermic needles • In utero from infected mother to unborn baby

  45. Immune Deficiency Disorders • Rare Diseases • Severe Combined Immunodeficiency Disease • Group of inherited disorders that cause partial or complete dysfunction of immune system

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