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Respiratory System Disorders and Diseases. Deviated Septum:. As a person ages, the nasal septum bends toward one side or the other. A deviated septum may obstruct the nasal cavity, making breathing difficult. Can be repaired through surgery. Sinus Headache:.
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Deviated Septum: As a person ages, the nasal septum bends toward one side or the other. A deviated septummay obstruct the nasal cavity, making breathing difficult. Can be repaired through surgery.
Sinus Headache: A painful sinus headachecan result from blocked drainage, caused by an infection or allergic reaction. Can be remedied through antibiotics and pain medication.
Nodules: Nodulesor other growths on the margins of the vocal folds can interfere with the free flow of air over the folds. Can be removed through surgery.
Laryngitis: Laryngitis is a hoarseness or lack of voice. Occurs when the mucous membrane of the larynx becomes inflamed and swollen from an infection or an irritation from inhaled vapors. Prevents the vocal cords from vibrating freely
Laryngitis (cont.): Usually mild, but may be dangerous if swollen tissues obstruct the airway and interfere with breathing. Inserting an endotracheal tube into the trachea through the nose or mouth can restore the passageway until the inflammation subsides.
Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Surfactant is particularly important in the minutes after birth, when the newborn’s lungs inflate for the first time. Premature infants often suffer from RDS because they do not produce enough surfactant. A synthetic surfactant dripped into the tiny lungs through an endotracheal tube and a ventilator machine help.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection: An upper respiratory tract infection (URI) is a bacterial or viral infection of the nose, sinuses, or throat. Common symptoms of a URI are a runny or stuffy nose and a cough. Examples of URIs include influenza (flu), a cold, and sinusitis.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (cont.): Treatment for a URI is based on whether a doctor suspects it is caused by a bacteria or virus. If the cause is a bacterial infection, antibiotics are used. If the cause is a viral infection, home treatment is used, such as getting extra rest and drinking plenty of liquids.
Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (cont.): Frequent hand-washing, especially during cold or flu season, can help prevent URIs. People should also try to avoid using their hands to wipe their eyes, nose, or mouth. Eating well, exercising, keeping stress levels low, and not smoking can also help.
Hyperventilation: Hyperventilation is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than normal. It causes a decrease in the amount of a carbon dioxide in the blood. This decrease may make you feel lightheaded, have a rapid heartbeat, and be short of breath. It also can lead to numbness or tingling in your hands or feet, anxiety, fainting, and sore chest muscles.
Hyperventilation: Some causes of sudden hyperventilation include anxiety, fever, some medicines, intense exercise, or emotional stress. Hyperventilation also can occur because of problems caused by asthma, emphysema, or after a head injury. In most cases it can be controlled by learning proper breathing techniques.
Bronchitis: Bronchitis is the inflammation of the bronchi. It is usually caused by a virus and can often happen after having an upper respiratory tract infection. In rare cases, bronchitis is caused by bacteria. It can also be caused by breathing in things that irritate the bronchial tubes, such as smoke.
Bronchitis (cont.): If bronchitis is caused by a virus, home treatment is used (rest, plenty of liquids). Over-the-counter medications help with symptoms. If caused by bacteria, antibodies are prescribed.
Pneumonia: Pneumonia is a lung infection where parts of the lungs become filled with mucous and pus. The lungs cannot function properly. It often starts when bacteria or viruses are breathed into the lungs (after a cold or the flu). This makes it harder for the lungs to fight infection and easier for the lungs to get pneumonia.
Pneumonia (cont.): Pneumonia that is treated will go away after 2 to 3 weeks. If it is caused by bacteria, antibodies will be subscribed. Pneumonia caused by a virus require home treatment. It is more serious for older adults, babies, and people with other diseases.
Tuberculosis: Tuberculosis (TB) is caused by bacteria that protects itself in a capsule. The alveoli burst and are replaced with inelastic connective tissue. The bacteria can live in inactive form in the body. But, once in active form, the bacteria will destroy the tissue in the organ it inhabits.
Tuberculosis (cont.): The bacteria is transmitted through the air and is highly contagious. However, a person will not get TB through single, social contact with an infected person. To be at risk of being infected, you must be exposed to TB bacteria constantly, by living or working in close quarters with someone who has the active disease.
Tuberculosis (cont.): Even then, because the bacteria generally stay latent (inactive) after they invade the body, only 10% of people infected with TB will ever have the active disease. The remaining 90% have what's called latent TB infection -- they show no signs of infection and won't be able to spread the disease to others.
Tuberculosis (cont.): These latent infections can eventually become active, though, so even people without symptoms should receive medical treatment. Medication can help get rid of the inactive bacteria before they become active.
Emphysema: Emphysema is a progressive, degenerative disease that destroys alveolar walls. Clusters of small air sacs merge to form larger chambers, which drastically decreases the surface area of the respiratory membrane. This reduces the volume of gases that can be exchanged through the membrane.
Emphysema (cont.): Emphysema makes it difficult for normal expiration to occur. May develop in response to prolonged exposure to respiratory irritants, such as tobacco smoke and polluted air. There is no cure.
Lung Cancer: Lung cancer is the uncontrolled growth of abnormal cells that rob normal cells of nutrients and oxygen, eventually crowding them out. Some cancerous growths result secondarily from cancer cells that have spread from other parts of the body.
Lung Cancer (cont.): Cancers that begin in the lungs are called primary pulmonary cancers. These may arise from epithelia, connective tissue, or blood cells.
Lung Cancer (cont.): The most common form originates from the epithelium and is called bronchogenic carcinoma. This type of cancer is a response to irritation, such as prolonged exposure to tobacco smoke.
Lung Cancer (cont.): Bronchogenic carcinoma can spread quickly and establish secondary cancers in the lymph nodes, liver, bones, rain, or kidneys. Lung cancer is difficult to control. It is usually treated with surgery, ionizing radiation, and drugs (chemotherapy). The survival rate remains low.
