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3-D

3-D. 3-D IMAGING IN MEDICINE IS A METHOD IN WHICH A SET OF DATA IS COLLECTED FROM A 3-D OBJECT, PROCESSED BY A COMPUTER, AND DISPALAYED ON A 2-D COMPUTER MONITOR TO GIVE THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH. APPLICATIONS OF 3-D IN RADIOLOGY. RAD. THERAPY CRANIOFACIAL IMAGING ORTHOPEDICS NEUROSURGERY

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3-D

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  1. 3-D

  2. 3-D IMAGING IN MEDICINE IS A METHOD IN WHICH A SET OF DATA IS COLLECTED FROM A 3-D OBJECT, PROCESSED BY A COMPUTER, AND DISPALAYED ON A 2-D COMPUTER MONITOR TO GIVE THE ILLUSION OF DEPTH.

  3. APPLICATIONS OF 3-D IN RADIOLOGY • RAD. THERAPY • CRANIOFACIAL IMAGING • ORTHOPEDICS • NEUROSURGERY • CARDIOVASCULAR SURGERY • ANGIOGRAPHY • MRI • ENDOSCOPY (VIRTUAL)

  4. RAD. THERAPY

  5. CRANIO-FACIAL IMAGING

  6. ORTHOPEDICS

  7. ANGIOGRAPHY

  8. NEUROSURGERY

  9. VIRTUAL IMAGING

  10. THE GENERATION OF 3-D OBJECT USING COMPUTER SOFTWARE IS CALLED MODELING

  11. EXTRUSIONIS A MODELING TECHNIQUE THAT GENERATES A 3-D OBJECT FROM A 2 –D PROFILE ON THE COMPUTER SCREEN.

  12. EXTRUSION

  13. PIXEL AREA B A A= WIDTH B= HEIGTH AREA OF THE PIXEL = A x B

  14. VOXEL VOLUME B A C A= WIDTH B= HEIGTH C-DEPTH (SLICE THICKNESS) VOLUME OF THE VOXEL = A x B x C

  15. DATA ACQUSITION FOR 3-D • CONVENTIONAL SLICE BY SLICE • VOLUME DATA ACQUSITION

  16. PROBLEMS WITH CONVENTIONAL SLICE BY SLICE ACQUISITION IN 3-D GENERATION • MOTION - STAIR-STEP ARTIFACT • MIREGISTRATION

  17. STAIR-STEP ARTIFACT

  18. SEVER STAIR-STEP ARTIFACT

  19. PROCESSING FOR 3-D • SEGMENTATION • TRESHOLDING • OBJECT DELINEATION • RENDERING

  20. SEGMENTATION • PROCESSING TECHNIQUE USED TO IDENTIFY THE STRUCTURE OF INTEREST IN A GIVEN IMAGE. IT DETERMINES WHICH VOXEL ARE PART OF THE OBJECT AND SHOULD BE DISPLAYED AND WHICH ARE NOT AND SHOULD BE DISCARDED.

  21. SEGMENTATION

  22. TRESHOLDING • METHOD OF CLASSIFYING THE TYPES OF TISSUES REPRESENTED BY EACH OF THE VOXELS. CT NUMBER IS USED TO DETERMINE THIS.

  23. TRESHOLDING (IN SEGMENTATION)

  24. DELINEATION • BOUNDARY EXTRACTION • VOLUME EXTRACTION

  25. DELINEATION

  26. RENDERING • 3-D IMAGE IS TRANSFORMED INTO SIMULATED 3-D IMAGE SO IT CAN BE DISPLAYED ON THE 2-D MONITOR.

  27. RENDERING TECHNIQUES • SURFACE RENDERING – SHADED SURFACE DISPLAY (SSD) • VOLUME RENDERING

  28. SURFACE RENDERING-SSD • SIMPLER OF THE TWO METHODS. DISPLAYS THE IMAGE ACCORDING TO ITS CALCULATIONS OF HOW THE LIGHT RAYS WOULD BE REFLECTED TO THE VIEWERS EYES. • COMPUTER CREATES INTERNAL REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES

  29. ADVANTAGE OF SSD • NOT MUCH COMPUTING POWER REQUIRED • ONLY CONTOUR INF IS USED

  30. DISADVANTAGES OF SSD • INFO OF STRUCTURES INSIDE OR BEHIND THE SURFACE IS NOT DISPLAYED!!

  31. SSD

  32. SURGERY USING SSD

  33. VOLUME RENDERING • SOPHISTICATED TECHNIQUE. 3-D IMAGES HAVE BETTER QUALITY THAN IN SURFACE RENDERING. USES ENTIRE DATA SET FROM 3-D SPACE. IT REQUIRES MORE COMPUTING POWER.

  34. ADVANTAGES OF VOLUME RENDERING (VR) • UNLIKE SSD, VOLUME RENDERING ALLOWS SEEING THROUGH SURFACES. IT ALLOWS THE VIEWER TO SEE BOTH INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL STRUCTURES.

  35. DISADVANTAGE/S • IT REQUIRES GREAT COMPUTING POWER – SOPHISTICATED COMPUTER EQUIPMENT

  36. VR

  37. VR

  38. VR

  39. MAXIMUM INTENSITY PROJECTION • VOLUME RENDERING 3-D TECHNIQUE THAT IS NOW FREQUENTLY USED IN CTA ( CT ANGIO) IT USES LESS THAN 10% OF DATA IN 3-D SPACE. IT DOES NOT NEED SOPHISTICATED COMPUTING. IT ORIGINATED IN MRA

  40. MIP ALLOWS ONLY THE VOXEL WITH THE BRIGHTEST VALUE TO BE SELECTED

  41. MIP CAN ALSO BE DISPLAYED IN RAPID SEQUENCE- CINE

  42. ADVANTAGES OF MIP • NO NEED FOR SOPHISTICATED COMPUTER HARDWARE- IT USES LESS THAN 10% OF DATA

  43. DISADVANTAGE/S OF MIP • ARTIFACT- STRING OF BEADS • NO SUPERIMPOSED STRUCTURES DEMONSTRATION

  44. MIP IN MRI

  45. MIP OF THE HEAD???

  46. MIP

  47. MIP

  48. COMPARISON OF 3-D TECHNIQUES

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