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Understanding Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Comprehensive Educational Overview

Gain insights into the epidemiology, pathophysiology, diagnosis, and management of psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis. Learn about treatment options and incorporating patient preferences into tailored care plans.

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Understanding Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis: A Comprehensive Educational Overview

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  1. Faculty Kori Dewing, ANP-BC, DNP, ARNP Rheumatology Nurse Practitioner University of Washington School of Nursing Affiliate Assistant Professor Seattle, WA Dr. Dewing has no conflicts of interest to disclose.

  2. Please complete the pre-activity survey.

  3. This program is supported by educational funding provided by Novartis Pharmaceuticals and Amgen.

  4. To download a pdf of the slides, please visit: http://www.cmecorner.com/PDF/psor-psaCES.pdf

  5. Learning Objectives Upon completion of this educational activity, participants should be able to: • Summarize the epidemiology and pathophysiology of psoriasis and PsA. • Describe the diagnosis, disease classification, and assessment associated with psoriasis and PsA. • Incorporate patient preferences and shared decision making into tailored treatment plans for patients with psoriasis and PsA. • Evaluate the efficacy and safety of recently available therapies for the management of psoriasis and PsA.

  6. Psoriasis

  7. Psoriasis • Chronic, immune-mediated skin disease • Most common autoimmune disease • Correlation between skin and systemic inflammation • High comorbidity burden • Affects almost 8 million Americans Rachakonda TD, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2014;70(3):512-516; Eder L, et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):915-923; Helmick CG, et al. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(1):37-45; Nestle FO, et al. N Engl J Med. 2009;361(5):496-509.

  8. Psoriasis • Pediatric incidence: 40.8/100,000 population • Adult incidence: 78.9/100,000 population Psoriasis in Adults (n=2564) Tollefson MM, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2010;62(6):979-987; Icen M, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2009;60(3):394-401; Rachakonda TD, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2014;70(3):512-516; Helmick CG, et al. Am J Prev Med. 2014;47(1):37-45.

  9. Impact of Psoriasis on QoL Emotional and Physical Impact of Psoriasis Psoriasis Patients (%) ~80% to 90% of psoriasis patients experience significant impairment of QoL and work productivity Adapted by Lilian McVey from Armstrong AW, et al. PLoS One. 2012;7(12):e52935. Used with permission.

  10. Pathogenesis Ainsworth C. Nature. 2012;492(7429):S52-S54. Used with permission.

  11. Psoriasis Types Plaque Erythrodermic Scalp Plaque Genital/Inverse Nail psoriasis Photos courtesy of Margaret Bobonich, DNP, FNP-C, DCNP, FAANP. Used with permission.

  12. Psoriasis Assessment: Types • Plaque psoriasis • Well-defined erythematous plaques • Elbows, knees, scalp, lower trunk • Scalp psoriasis • Presentation ranges from slight scaling to thick, crusted plaques that cover the scalp • Nail psoriasis • Nail pitting and crumbling, separation of nail plate from bed with white discoloration, nail thickening • Inverse psoriasis • Shiny, erythematous plaques with minimal scaling • Groin and/or other intertriginous areas (eg, under breasts, in abdominal skin folds) Young M, et al. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(3):157-178.

  13. Psoriasis Assessment: Types (cont’d) • Pustular psoriasis • Eruption of sterile pustules • Generalized and extensive or localized to existing plaques • Palmoplantarpustular psoriasis • Yellow-brown sterile pustules on hands and feet • May include scaling and severe pruritis • Erythrodermic psoriasis • Generalized exfoliative dermatitis, often with hair loss and nail dystrophy • Affects large body surface area (BSA); ≥80% • Guttate psoriasis • Small, scattered, pink, oval-shaped papules w/silvery scaling • Affects trunk and extremities Young M, et al. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(3):157-178.

  14. Psoriasis Assessment • Comprehensive exam • Medication history • Assess for comorbidity • Psoriatic arthritis (PsA) and other arthropathies • Diabetes • Hyperlipidemia • Obesity • Cardiovascular disease • Malignancy • Depression • Differential diagnoses • Eczema • Contact dermatitis • Seborrheic dermatitis • Drug eruption • Tinea infections • Pityriasisrosea • Lichen planus • Candidalintertrigo • Onychomycosis Psoriasis can be difficult to diagnose…When in doubt, REFER! Young M, et al. J Am Assoc Nurse Pract. 2017;29(3):157-178.

  15. Clinical Pearls for Diagnosis • Distribution • Eczema common on flexors • Psoriasis common on extensors • Auspitz sign • Well-defined • vs eczema with diffuse border • Consider treatment secondary infection • Inverse psoriasis vs candidiasis vs intertrigo • Skin biopsy if unsure (punch biopsy)

  16. Psoriasis Assessment: Severity • Scoring tools: • PASI: Psoriasis Area and Severity Index • BSA: Body Surface Area • DLQI: Dermatology Life Quality Index • Remember: • Severity ≠ amount of area affected • Consider • Area(s) of involvement • Palms, genitals, soles, scalp, nails • Interference with QoL

  17. US Perspectives: MAPP Survey • Multinational Assessment of Psoriasis and Psoriatic Arthritis (MAPP) survey • N=1,005 patients, 101 dermatologists, and 100 rheumatologists • Key findings • Both psoriasis and PsA remain undertreated in patients with moderate-to-severe disease • Gaps in care include screening, assessing, diagnosing and treating psoriasis patients with symptoms of PsA Lebwohl MG, et al. Am J ClinDermatol. 2016;17(1):87-97.

  18. US Perspectives: MAPP Survey • Key findings (cont’d) • Widespread dissatisfaction with current treatment options • Lack of efficacy • Long-term safety unknown • Administration challenges • Cost • Difference in perceptions of severity, treatment impact in patients vs clinicians Lebwohl MG, et al. Am J ClinDermatol. 2016;17(1):87-97.

  19. Perceptions of Disease Severity: MAPP Survey • Perceptions of disease severity differ between patients and clinicians Most important factors contributing to disease severity in psoriasis, as reported by patients and clinicians 76.2 Respondents (%) 36.1 21.8 11.9 11.4 8.3 4.0 4.0 5.4 0.0 Adapted by Lilian McVey from Lebwohl MG, et al. Am J ClinDermatol. 2016;17(1):87-97. Used with permission.

  20. Psoriatic Arthritis

  21. PsA in Psoriasis Patients • Up to 30% of individuals with psoriasis will develop PsA (higher than previously thought) • Risk factors • Severe psoriasis • Psoriatic nail pitting • Uveitis Eder L, et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):915-923. Karreman MC, et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):924-931. Photos courtesy of Margaret Bobonich, DNP, FNP-C, DCNP, FAANP. Used with permission.

  22. PsA • Inflammatory arthritis • Skin disease typically precedes joint disease • Variable disease course • Flares and remission • Severe disease is associated with: • Progressive joint damage • Increased mortality • Increase in cardiovascular risk 20% 80% Eder L, et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):915-923. Gladman DD. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2008;26(5 Suppl 51):S62-S65. Arumugam R, McHugh NJ. J Rheumatol Suppl. 2012;89:32-35. Photo courtesy of Margaret Bobonich, DNP, FNP-C, DCNP, FAANP. Used with permission.

  23. Diagnosis of PsA • High prevalence of undiagnosed PsA (~10%-15%) • Patients with PsA report a mean interval of 12.4 yearsbetween onset of skin symptoms and onset of joint symptoms • Arthritis symptoms precede skin involvement in 13% to 17% of patients • 15% of patients have undiagnosed or unrecognized psoriasis Joint symptoms represent DESTRUCTIVE, IRREVERSIBLE DISEASE. Early diagnosis is critical for preventing progression. 1. Villani A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2015;73(2):242-248. 2. Karreman MC, et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):924-931. 3. Gottlieb A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2008;58(5):851-864.

  24. Diagnosis of PsA • Common signs and symptoms • Musculoskeletal (32.1%) • Joint symptoms (88.2%) • Tendon symptoms (50.4%) • Dactylitis • Low back pain (73.9%) • Peripheral arthritis • Psoriatic nail dystrophy (15.5%) • Enthesitis (4.6%-7.0%) • Uveitis • Plaque psoriasis Karreman MC, et al. Arthritis Rheumatol. 2016;68(4):924-931.

  25. Diagnosis of PsA • 2 primary patterns • Peripheral joint disease (~95% of PsA patients) • Axial involvement only (~5% of PsA patients) • Diagnosis is typically made in a patient with psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis in a PsA-type pattern • Patients with psoriasis may have other types of arthritis including RA, OA, gout, reactive arthritis, and arthritis of IBD Gottlieb A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2008;58(5):851-864.

  26. Diagnosis Is Made Clinically • History • Skin disease • Joints involved • Enthesitis, dactylitis, eye disease, inflammatory back pain (age <40, worse at night with AM stiffness, better with activity) • Family history • Physical exam • Laboratory testing • CBC • BUN, creatinine, uric acid, and UA • ESR and CRP (elevated in 40% of patients) • RF (2%-10%), anti-CCP (8%-16%) and ANA (low titer 50%) • HLAB27 (50%) • Arthrocentesis • To rule out septic arthritis, gout and CPPD • Imaging • Plain film, ultrasound, MRI • Co-existence of erosive changes and new bone formation, which may occur in same joint or within same digit Diagnosis can be challenging: REFER Menter A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2011;65(1):137-174; Alenius GM, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2006;65(3):398-400; Johnson SR, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2005;64(5):770-772; Eder L, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2012;71(1):50-55.

  27. ClASsification Criteria for Psoriatic ARthritis (CASPAR) • Valuable in clinical trials, can be used for diagnosis • Limited to peripheral arthritis, axial disease, and enthesitis • Specificity of 98.7% and sensitivity of 91.4% • Advantages over Moll and Wright Criteria* • High specificity and sensitivity • Includes family history of psoriasis • Includes inflammatory articular disease • Includes RF status *To meet the Moll and Wright 1973 classification criteria for psoriatic arthritis, a patient with psoriasis and inflammatory arthritis who is seronegative for RA must present with 1 of 5 clinical subtypes: polyarticular, symmetric arthritis; pligoarticular (less than 5 joints), asymmetric arthritis; distal interphalangeal joint predominant; spondylitis predominant; or arthritis mutilans. Taylor W, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(8):2665-2673; Congi L, Roussou E. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2010;28(3):304-310; Gottlieb A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2008;58(5):851-864.

  28. CASPAR Taylor W, et al. Arthritis Rheum. 2006;54(8):2665-2673.

  29. Treatment of Psoriasis and PsA

  30. Treatment of Psoriasis Menter A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2011;65:137-174.

  31. Treatment Considerations • Age • Pregnancy/lactation (current or future) • Patient/family medical history • Malignancies • Multiple sclerosis or CHF • Inflammatory bowel disease • Depression or suicide • Chronic infections • Other autoimmune diseases (ie, lupus) • Exposure to fungus or TB • History of HCV, HBV, HIV or high risk behavior • Social – alcohol consumption

  32. Psoriasis Treatment Algorithm Psoriasis + PsA Yes No Anti-TNF +/- MTX* Extent of disease Mild (limited) Moderate/Severe (extensive) • Topicals • Targeted phototherapy • UVB/PUVA • Systemic • Biologic *Patients with nondeforming PsA without any radiographic changes, loss of range of motion, or interference with tasks of daily living should not automatically be treated with tumor necrosis factor (TNF ) inhibitors. It would be reasonable to treat these patients with a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agent or to consult a rheumatologist for therapeutic options. †Patients with limited skin disease should not automatically be treated with systemic treatment if they do not improve, because treatment with systemic therapy may carry more risk than the disease itself. Adapted by Lilian McVey from Menter A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2008;58(5):826-850. Used with permission. Not Effective† Effective

  33. Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Psoriasis • Topical therapy • Corticosteroids, vitamin D derivatives, tazarotene, anthralin, tacrolimus, pimecrolimus, newer tar formulations • Must be prescribed appropriately and used consistently for weeks to months for clinical improvement • Potential AEs • Cutaneous atrophy • Telangiectasias • Hypothalamic-pituitary axis suppression Stein Gold LF. SeminCutan Med Surg. 2016;35(2 Suppl 2):S36-S44. Koyama G, et al. Int J Pharm Compd. 2015;19(5):357-365.

  34. Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate Psoriasis • Topical therapy (cont’d) • Primary limitation is medication adherence • Strategies to optimize adherence: • Consider dosage/schedule, choice of vehicle • Fixed-combination gels, foams • Address patient preference about treatment • Address concerns about treatment-related toxicities • Manage patient expectations • Assess patient response and know when to refer! • Up to 80% of psoriasis patients receive no treatment or only topical therapy Stein Gold LF. SeminCutan Med Surg. 2016;35(2 Suppl 2):S36-S44. Lebwohl MG, et al. Am J ClinDermatol. 2016;17(1):87-97.

  35. Treatment of Moderate-to-Severe Psoriasis • Refer to dermatology • Primary care: • Emphasize need for long-term follow-up and adherence to prescribed therapy • Encourage lifestyle changes • Smoking cessation • Decreased alcohol consumption • Healthy diet and increased physical activity • Monitor for AEs • Consider early screening/intervention for CVD and metabolic disease Aldredge LM, et al. J Dermatol Nurses Assoc. 2016;8(1):14-26. Menter A, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2008;58(5):826-850.

  36. Treatment of PsA • Treatment is guided by disease severity and symptoms • Treat to target (T2T) approach • Comorbidities may limit options (diabetes, metabolic syndrome, fatty liver, CAD) • Screening • CV risk factors (BP, lipids, smoking) • Weight loss counseling • Ultrasound of liver with elevated LFTs • Hepatitis screening • Tuberculosis screening – quantiferon gold TB is standard (or PPD skin test) • Vaccinations

  37. Treatment of PsA Biologic DMARDs anti-TNF, PDE4 inhibitors, anti-IL-12/23, anti-IL-17A Will not affect plaque psoriasis Can also treat plaque psoriasis • Nonbiologic DMARDs • methotrexate, sulfasalazine, leflunomide, cyclosporin, Intra-articular injections NSAIDs Adapted by Lilian McVey from Gossec L, et al. ClinExpRheumatol. 2015;5 (Suppl 93):S73-S77. Used with permission.

  38. Biologic Agents for Psoriasis/PsA Alwan W, Nestle FO. Clin Exp Rheumatol. 2015;33(5 Suppl 93):S2-S6.

  39. Biologic Agents in PsA Benefits Drawbacks Potential AEs Injection site reactions Serious infections Possible association with increase of some malignancies Lack of sustained response to TNF inhibitors in some PsA patients Intravenous dosing of some medications Cost • Induce a durable long-term response • 56% improvement in tender joint counts • 70% improvement in swollen joint counts • 64% improvement in CRP level • 36% improvement in overall disease activity score (DAS) • Improve Health Assessment Questionnaire (HAQ) scores • Long-term safety confirmed Coates LC, et al. Ann Rheum Dis. 2008;67(5):717-719. Cawson MR, et al. BMC MusculoskeletDisord. 2014;15:26. Bissonnette R, et al. J Cutan Med Surg. 2009;13(Suppl 2):S67-S76.

  40. Treatment of PsA • Mild arthritis • NSAIDs • Moderately severe arthritis or resistant to NSAID • Methotrexate • Leflunomide • Apremilast • Severe peripheral arthritis/adverse prognosis • TNF inhibitor • Etanercept • Infliximab • Adalimumab • Golimumab • Certolizumab pegol • Other biologic DMARDs • Secukinumab • Ustekinumab • Axial disease • NSAIDs • Biologic DMARD • Enthesitis • NSAIDs • Biologic DMARD • Dactylitis • NSAIDs • DMARD .

  41. Stay Tuned • American College of Rheumatology and the National Psoriasis Foundation Guideline for the Management of Psoriatic Arthritis • Anticipated completion 2018

  42. Monitoring • National Psoriasis Foundation (NPF) treatment targets for plaque psoriasis • Acceptable: Either BSA ≤3% or BSA improvement ≥75% from baseline at 3 months after treatment initiation • Target: BSA ≤1% at 3 months after treatment initiation • Monitor at least every 3 to 6 months during maintenance therapy • Reassess if skin symptoms or arthritis not under control Armstrong AW, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2017;76(2):290-298.

  43. Comorbidities Established in Psoriasis and PsA • Cardiovascular disease (CVD) • Metabolic syndrome • Obesity • Dyslipidemia • Diabetes • Mood disorders • Inflammatory bowel disease • Malignancy • Uveitis • Alcohol and addictive behaviors Abuaara K, et al. Br J Dermatol. 2010;163(3):586-592; Armstrong AW, et al. J Hypertens. 2013;31:433-442; discussion 442-443; Azfar RS, et al. Arch Dermatol. 2012;148(9):995-1000; Gelfand JM, et al. JAMA. 2006;296(14):17351-741; Gelfand JM, et al. J Invest Dermatol. 2006;126(10):2194-2201; Kurd SK, et al. Arch Derm. 2010;146:891-895; Langan SM, et al. J Invest Derm. 2012;132(3 Pt 1):556-562; Li W, et al. Am J Epidemiol. 2012;175(5):402-413; Ma C, et al. Br J Dermatol. 2013;168(3):486-495; Mehta NN, et al. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(8):1000-1006; Najarian DJ, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2003;48(6):805-821; Yeung H, et al. JAMA Derm. 2013;149(10):1173-1179.

  44. Emerging Comorbidities CallisDuffin K, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2009;60(4):604-608; Wakkee M, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2011;65(6):1135-1144; Van der Voort ET, et al. J Am AcadDermatol. 2014;70:517-524; Yeung H, et al. JAMA Derm. 2013;149(10):1173-1179; Yang YW, et al. Br J Derm. 2011;165(5):1037-1043.

  45. Risk of Cardiometabolic Disease in Patients with More Severe Psoriasis Clinical significance: • Increased risk of MI, stroke, CV death, and diabetes • 5 years shorter life expectancy • 10-year risk of major CV event attributable to psoriasis = 6% • Risk of CV disease in patients with severe psoriasis similar to risk conferred by diabetes • Patients treated for severe psoriasis are 30 times more likely to experience MACE (attributable to psoriasis) than to develop a melanoma MI = myocardial infarction, MACE = major adverse cardiac events, RR = relative risk. 1. Abuaara K, et al. Br. J. Dermatol. 2010;163(3):586-592; 2. Gelfand JM, et al. JAMA. 2006;296(14):1735-1741. 3. Gelfand JM, et al. J Invest Derm. 2009;129(10):2411-2418; 4. Mehta NN, et al. Eur Heart J. 2010;31(8):1000-1006. 5. Mehta NN, et al. Am J Med. 2011;124(8):775.e1-6. 6. Azfar R, et al. Arch Derm. 2012;148(9):995-1000.

  46. Cardiovascular Comorbidity in PsA • Rates of CVD and MACE are higher in patients with PsA compared to those without PsA IR = incidence rate, PY = person-years. Li L, et al. J ClinRheumatol. 2015;21(8):405-410.

  47. Case Study28-year-old female nurse being followed in rheumatology clinic for fibromyalgia diagnosed 5 years prior presents c/o worsening back and hand pain over the last several months. • History • Inflammatory back pain • Somewhat responsive to NSAIDs, h/o gastric ulcer • No h/o psoriatic disease • Physical exam • Scalp psoriasis • Dactylitis right second finger • Laboratory • ANA 1:40 • Neg RF, anti-CCP • ESR 35, CRP 7 • HLAB27 positive

  48. Case Study • Diagnosed with psoriasis and PsA after review of labs and films • Treatment considerations • Negative hepatitis and TB screening • History of gastric ulcer • Considering pregnancy in the next year • Options • Methotrexate • Unable to tolerate: GI distress and hair loss • TNF inhibitor • Etanercept • At 3-month follow-up, dactylitis absent, scalp psoriasis clear, AM stiffness 30 minutes, back pain improved though not gone

  49. Case Study • Two years later, stopped etanercept with pregnancy confirmation • Back pain worse during pregnancy • At 2 months postpartum • Scalp psoriasis worse, patches on elbows and hands • Joint pain and stiffness in hands and knees • Difficulty with ADLs • Resumed etanercept with reduction in symptoms

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