Latin Grammar

1. Latin Grammar Perfect and Future Infinitives (Grammar 4A, pp. 199-201)

2. Present Infinitives • The present infinitive is the second principal part of verbs. • We have been learning those all along. amō, amāre, amāuī, amātus doceō, docēre, docuī, doctus loquor, loquī, locūtus sum sum, esse, fuī, futūrus morior, morī, mortuus sum

3. The Perfect Infinitive • In addition to the present infinitive, however, Latin also has perfect and future infinitives. • The perfect infinitive translates “to have Xed” • Here are examples: amāuisse (< amō) = to have loved dīxisse (< dīcō) = to have said uēnisse (< ueniō) = to have come mortuusesse (< morior) = to have died • The “to” in English makes it an infinitive. • The “have Xed” makes it perfect.

4. The Non-DeponentPerfect Infinitive • The non-deponent perfect infinitive is formed • by removing the –ī from a verb’s third principal part • and adding the ending –isse. ueniō, uenīre, uēnī, uentum • uēn- • uēnisse= to have come

5. The Non-DeponentPerfect Infinitive portō, portāre, portāuī, portātus • portāu- • portāuisse = to have carried capiō, capere, cēpī, captus • cēp- • cepisse= to have siezed audiō, audīre, audīuī, audītus • audīu- • audīuisse= to have heard

6. The Deponent Perfect Infinitive • Deponent perfect infinitives are made by changing the sum of the last principal part to esse. • This makes sense: If mentītus sum means I have lied, it only makes sense that mentītusessemeans to have lied.

7. The Deponent Perfect Infinitive • Do note that the perfect deponent infinitive expresses gender and number. Marcus seems to have lied = Marcus uidēturmentītusesse. The slave woman seems to have lied = seruauidēturmentītaesse. The soldiers seem to have lied = mīlitēsuidenturmentītīesse.

8. The Deponent Perfect Infinitive • Examples: minor, minārī, minātus sum => minātus, -a, -um esse = to have threatened loquor, loquī, locūtus sum => locūtus, -a, -um esse= to have spoken ingredior, ingredī, ingressus sum => ingressus, -a, -um esse = to have entered

9. The Future Infinitive • The future infinitive is translated “to be going to X” amātūrusesse = to be going to love factūrusesse = to be going to do • The “to” in English makes it an infinitive. • The “going to” makes it future.

10. The Future Infinitive • The future infinitive is formed with the future participle. • The future participle of non-deponent verbs is formed by removing the –us or –um from the fourth principal part and adding –ūrus. amātus => amātūrus uentum => uentūrus factus => factūrus

11. The Future Infinitive • The future participle of deponent verbs is formed by removing the –us from the perfect deponent participle and adding –ūrus. (The perfect deponent participle is really the same form as the fourth principal part innon-deponent verbs.) ēgredior, ēgredī, ēgressus sum => ēgressūrus minor, minārī, minātus sum => minātūrus

12. The Future Infinitive • The future participle is an adjective of the first and second declension like multus, -a, -um. • It means • about to X • on the point of Xing • intending to X • going to X

13. The Future Infinitive • The future infinitive is made by adding the infinitive esse to the future participle. amō, amāre, amāuī, amātus => amātūrus, -a, -um esse = to be going to love

14. The Future Infinitive dīcō, dīcere, dīxī, dictus => dictūrus, -a, -um esse = to be going to say prōgredior, prōgredī, prōgressus sum => prōgressūrus, -a, -um esse = to be going to advance