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PSYC 2920 Lecture 4

PSYC 2920 Lecture 4. Operant conditioning: Drug self-administration. Research Design and the Behavioral Analysis of Drug Effects. Measuring Behavior in Nonhumans Schedules of Reinforcement Pattern that determines when reinforcements are to be given Ratio Schedules Fixed ratio (FR)

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PSYC 2920 Lecture 4

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  1. PSYC 2920Lecture 4

  2. Operant conditioning: Drug self-administration

  3. Research Design and the Behavioral Analysis of Drug Effects • Measuring Behavior in Nonhumans • Schedules of Reinforcement • Pattern that determines when reinforcements are to be given • Ratio Schedules • Fixed ratio (FR) • Variable ratio (VR) • Progressive ratio (PR) • Interval Schedules • Fixed Interval (FI) • Variable Interval (VI)

  4. The Behavioural Analysis of Drug Effects • - Performance on different schedules of reinforcement will give you different information • - interpretation is very important • - don't necessarily rely on the interpretation of authors

  5. Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward Lenoir M, Serre F, Cantin L, Ahmed SH (2007) Intense Sweetness Surpasses Cocaine Reward. PLoS ONE 2(8): e698. doi:10.1371/ journal.pone.0000698

  6. The Behavioural Analysis of Drug Effects • Dissociation • Material learned while under the influence of a drug may not be easily recalled after the effects of the drug have worn off, and, conversely, information learned while drug free is not easily recalled when intoxicated. • i.e. Studying while intoxicated • Also known as state-dependent learning • Studies may employ a “state-dependent” control group (e.g. conditioned place preference)

  7. The Behavioural Analysis of Drug Effects • Stimulus Properties of Drugs • stimulus properties • ability to act as a discriminative stimulus in a discrimination learning task.

  8. Tolerance, Withdrawal, Sensitization, and Conditioning of Drug Effects • Tolerance • The decreased effectiveness (or potency) of a drug that results from repeated administrations, or as the necessity of increasing the dose of a drug in order to maintain its effectiveness after repeated administrations. • Cross-tolerance • Tachyphylaxis • Acute tolerance

  9. Tolerance, Withdrawal, Sensitization, and Conditioning of Drug Effects • Mechanisms of Tolerance • Metabolic/Dispositional Tolerance • Physiological Tolerance (or Cellular or Pharmacodynamic Tolerance) • Homeostasis • Set Point • General/Nonspecific Tolerance • Specific Tolerance

  10. Allostasis: Stability through change Koob. Alcohol Clin Exp Res, Vol 27, No 2, 2003: pp 232–243

  11. Koob et al. Neuron, Vol. 21, 467–476, September, 1998

  12. Tolerance, Withdrawal, Sensitization, and Conditioning of Drug Effects • Withdrawal Symptoms and Physical Dependence • Physiological changes that occur when the use of a drug is stopped or the dosage is decreased. • Cross-Dependence • Psychological Dependence • Dependence = Physical Dependence = Physiological Dependence

  13. Tolerance, Withdrawal, Sensitization, and Conditioning of Drug Effects • Tolerance and Conditioning • Conditional Compensatory Responses and Withdrawal • learning processes • Behavioral Tolerance Based on Operant Conditioning • Differential reinforcement of low rates (DRL)

  14. Tolerance and Conditioning • Tone CS Morphine UCS • analgesia UCR ( pain sensitivity) • Tone hyperalgesia CR ( pain sensitivity) • The UCR is the opposite of the CR!! WHY?

  15. Withdrawal and Tolerance • Solomon and Corbit’s opponent process theory: • A-process – euphoria • B-process – compensatory response - disphoria

  16. First few applications of heroin After many applications Withdrawal and tolerance

  17. CDP lever Barrett and Smith Experiment: Rats were trained to discriminate between CDP (an anxiolytic) and PTZ (an anxiogenic). They were then given a single administration of CDP. At first they responded on the CDP lever (meaning they felt calm), but later they responded on the PTZ lever (meaning that they felt agitated). Finally, this effect went away and they responded equally on both levers. PTX lever

  18. Tolerance and Operant Conditioning Campbell and Seiden experiment Training: 28 sessions on DRL Group 1 – amphetamine – DRL Group 2 – DRL - amphetamine Day 29 – all got amphetamine before DRL Results: Group 1 showed tolerance to amphetamine on day 29 Group showed no tolerance to amphetamine on day 29

  19. Tolerance, Withdrawal, Sensitization, and Conditioning of Drug Effects • Sensitization • Sensitization or Reverse Tolerance • An effect of a drug increases with repeated administrations • An important component of drug-seeking behaviour according to the incentive-sensitization theory of addiction. • Sensitization and tolerance may both operate on different features of a drug at the same time! • Cross Sensitization • Mesolimbic dopamine system • Applies to certain aspects (e.g. locomotor output) of many drugs of abuse.

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