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Perspectives of Pharmacy Education

Perspectives of Pharmacy Education. Leanne Lai, Ph.D. Associate Professor Director of International Program Magdaline Exantus, M.S. Mission. What is the Mission of Pharmacy Education? Pharmaceutical education is responsible for preparing students to function:

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Perspectives of Pharmacy Education

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  1. Perspectives of Pharmacy Education Leanne Lai, Ph.D. Associate Professor Director of International Program Magdaline Exantus, M.S.

  2. Mission • What is the Mission of Pharmacy Education? Pharmaceutical education is responsible for preparing students to function: • Mission for the Profession of Pharmacy • Mission for the Pharmacy Practice

  3. Pharmacy Profession • What is the Mission of our profession? To Serve Society

  4. Pharmacy Practice • What is the mission of our practice? Dispensing Pharmaceutical Care Rational Use of Drugs

  5. Evolution of Pharmacy Educationin US • 1820s part-time program • 1870s full-time 2 year program • 1920s full-time 3 year program • 1920s full-time 4 year B.S.program • 1950s full-time 4-6 year Pharm.D. • ... • 2004 Entry Level Pharm.D. program (ACPE)

  6. Pharmacy Education in US • Pre-professional Pharmacy Study • Two years of university level pre-professional education • Basic sciences, humanities, social sciences • Pharmacy College Admissions Test

  7. Pharmacy Education in US • The professional Pharmacy Curriculum • At least 5 years beyond high school (ACPE) • Bachelor of Science (BS) pharmacy (5 yrs) • Doctor of Pharmacy (Pharm.D.) (6 yrs) • Post Professional Pharmacy • Graduate School • Master • Ph.D. • Residencies • Pharmacy Practice residencies • Specialized residencies

  8. Australia France Bolivia Germany Brazil Haiti China Honduras Colombia India Cuba Jamaica Finland Japan Taiwan Thailand Korea Trinidad Pakistan Turkey Peru Venezuela Philippines Vietnam Saudi Arabia S. Africa Ukraine Curriculum Comparison- by country

  9. Pharmacy Education- Curriculum • Biomedical Science • Pharmaceutical Science • Behavioral, Social & Administrative Pharmacy Science • Pharmacy Practice • Professional Experience • Electives/others (Modified From ACPE Report)

  10. Biomedical Sciences • Anatomy • Physiology • Pathophysiology • Microbiology • Immunology • Biochemistry • Molecular Biology • Chemistry (Modified From ACPE Report)

  11. Biomedical Science(Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al) COUNTRY CREDITS • (USA) NSU 26(pre- pharmacy) + 15(Pharm.D)=41 • Australia 54.0 • Pakistan 20.0 • S. Africa 36.0 • Venezuela 36.0 • Bolivia 41.0 • Korea 33.5 • Japan 34.0 • Ukraine 42.3 • Cuba 54.0 • Thailand 51.5 • Trinidad 25.0 • Taiwan 37.3 • Finland 30.5 • India 27.5

  12. Pharmaceutical Sciences • Medicinal Chemistry • Pharmacognosy • Pharmacology • Toxicology • Biopharmaceutics • Pharmacokinetics (Modified From ACPE Report)

  13. Pharmaceutical Sciences(Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al) COUNTRY CREDITS • (USA) NSU 0 (pre- pharmacy) + 29 (Pharm.D)=29 • Australia 46.0 • Pakistan 69.5 • S. Africa 30.0 • Venezuela 32.0 • Bolivia 12.5 • Korea 93.0 • Japan 95.0 • Ukraine 48.3 • Cuba 51.0 • Thailand 55.5 • Trinidad 27.0 • Taiwan 38.2 • Finland 43.0 • India 76.9

  14. Behavioral, Social & Administrative Pharmacy Science • Pharmacoeconomics • Pharmacy Practice Management • Pharmacy Communication Skills • Pharmacy Ethics • Pharmacy Law • Biostatistics • Research Design • Epidemiology (Modified From ACPE Report)

  15. Behavioral, Social & Administrative Pharmacy Sciences(Data from NSU-international program 2004, 2005 admission, Lai, et.al) COUNTRY CREDITS • (USA) NSU 6 (pre- pharmacy) + 16 (Pharm.D)= 22.0 • Australia 40.0 • Pakistan 0.0 • S. Africa 18.0 • Venezuela 12.0 • Bolivia 8.5 • Korea 2.0 • Japan 6.0 • Ukraine 5.3 • Cuba 0.0 • Thailand 5.8 • Trinidad 36.0 • Taiwan 5.6 • Finland 4.5 • India 8.5

  16. Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum • Increase the academic credits of : • Behavioral, social, communication and administrative (Pharmacy Practice Related) • Social Behavioral Pharmacy • Communication skills • Health care delivery system • Health/Pharmaco Economics • Practice Management • Pharmacy Law and regulatory affair • Ethics • Research Methods/Drug literature evaluation

  17. Pharmacy Practice • Compounding & Preparing Dosage • Physical Assessment • Disease-State Management • Therapeutic • Patient Care Management • Self-Care / Non-Prescription Drugs • Drug Information & Literature Evaluations (Modified From ACPE Report)

  18. Pharmacy Practice(Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al) COUNTRY CREDITS • (USA) NSU 0 (pre-pharmacy) + 28 (Pharm.D) = 28.0 • Australia 68.0 • Pakistan 00.0 • S. Africa 00.0 • Venezuela 4.0 • Bolivia 4.0 • Korea 2.0 • Japan 6.0 • Ukraine 0.0 • Cuba 0.0 • Thailand 14.0 • Trinidad 9.0 • Taiwan 11.0 • Finland 6.0 • India 7.6

  19. Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum • Increase the academic credits of : • Disease Management/Rational drug use • Physical assessment • Disease management by Modules • Diabetes, Infectious disease, GI, Psychology,etc. • Therapeutics/pathophysiology • Nonprescription therapies • Patient care management (integrated)

  20. Professional Experience • Experiential Education • General Clinical Clerkship • Advanced Clinical Clerkship • Advanced Elective Clerkship • Thesis

  21. Professional Experience (Data from NSU-international program 2004,2005 admission, Lai, et.al) COUNTRY CREDITS • (USA) NSU 0 (pre-pharmacy) + 40 (Pharm.D) = 40.0 • Australia 0.0 • Pakistan 0.0 • S. Africa 0.0 • Venezuela 4.0 • Bolivia 4.0 • Korea 2.0 • Japan 0.0 • Ukraine 0.0 • Cuba 0.0 • Thailand 3.0 • Trinidad 0.0 • Taiwan ?? 9.0 • Finland 8.5 • India 5.0

  22. Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum • Increase the academic credits of : • Professional experiences (clerkship) • Advanced practice • Hospital • General practice • Internal medicine • Ambulatory care • Drug information • Advanced practice electives • GI, Nuclear, oncology, pediatric, psychiatric, nutrition, industry, compounding, etc.

  23. Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum • Increase the academic credits of : • Service Learning • Early practice experience • Flexibility of curriculum • Public awareness • Public/Self recognition as primary care provider • Professional association participation • International affair involvement • Professional maturity

  24. Others/Electives • Calculus • Taiwanese history • Physical education • Military training • Art & artists • Public speaking • Soviet Law • Life of Christ

  25. Others/Electives(Data from NSU-international program 2005 admission, Lai, et.al) COUNTRY CREDITS • (USA) NSU 0 (pre-pharmacy) + 10 (Pharm.D) = 10.0 • Australia 0.0 • Pakistan 12.0 • S. Africa 18.0 • Venezuela 4.0 • Bolivia 70.0 • Korea 42.0 • Japan 12.0 • Ukraine 59.5 • Cuba 51.0 • Thailand 15.0 • Trinidad 39.5 • Taiwan 43.5 • Finland 38.5 • India 4.5

  26. Recommendations to Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum • Decrease the academic credits of: • Non-pharmacy related courses

  27. Academic Credits Comparison Taiwan US • Biomedical Science 37 41 • Pharmaceutical Science 38 29 • Behav.,social, adminis. 6 22 • Pharmacy practice/Therap. 11 28 • Professional exp/Clerkship 9 40 • Others/electives 44 40

  28. Curriculum Problems (in General) • Deficiencies in content • Duplicative teaching • Lack of student-directed and independent learning • Quality assurance of Clinical rotation • Flexibility and Condemnatory • Faculty, Students, Practitioners involvement

  29. Barriers of Changing Curriculum • Public Awareness • Pharmacists as part of healthcare team • Ethics, regulations, and standard of pharmacy • Resource sufficiency • Budget • Faculty • Physical, including facilities and experiential sites • Impact on other school programs and current practitioners and students

  30. Discussion: Changing Taiwan Pharmacy Curriculum • Time Frame: • 4 years, 5 years, or 6 years ??? • Degree: • BS, M-Pham, Pharm.D. ??? • Licensure: General practice – “Clinical Patient Care is the must” Specialty • Advanced clinical practice • Industrial • Business administrative

  31. Ending Changes creates opportunities….. as well as problems…. ThinkingGlobally…. ActingLocally

  32. Thank You Leanne Lai, Ph.D. Director of International Program 3200 S. University drive Ft. Lauderdale, FL, 33328 leanne@hpd.nova.edu

  33. Mission ofPharmacy Education • Inculcate students with the value necessary to serve society as caring, ethical, learning professionals • Provide students with scientific fundamentals and fosters attitudes to adapt their careers to changes in health care system • Enhance scholarships

  34. Mission of Pharmacy Education • Promote advances in pharmaceutical care by fostering postgraduate residencies and fellowships in clinical sciences and other areas • Provides structured postgraduate education and training (AACP Commission Report)

  35. Pharmacy Practice • Traditional practice: • Preparing the drug product • Providing the drug produce • Providing drug information

  36. Pharmacy Practice • Contemporary (Rational drug use): • Participating in process of drug use decision • Selecting the drug product dosage form • Selecting drug product source of supply • Determining the dose and dosage schedule • Monitoring patient compliance • Detecting adverse drug reaction and drug interaction (AACP Commission Report)

  37. Practice Areas in Pharmacy • Chain Drug Store pharmacists • Community pharmacists • Compounding pharmacists • Academic pharmacists • Drug information specialist • Hospital staff pharmacist • Military pharmacists • Public health services pharmacists

  38. Practice Areas in Pharmacy • Critical care pharmacists • Hospice pharmacists • Infectious disease pharmacists • Long-term care pharmacists • Managed care pharmacists • Nuclear pharmacists • Nutrition support pharmacists

  39. Practice Areas in Pharmacy • Oncology pharmacists • Pediatric pharmacists • Poison control pharmacists • Primary care pharmacists • Psychiatric pharmacists • Veterinary pharmacists • Regulatory pharmacists

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