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References & Citations

This guide provides examples and the order of references based on the Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA). Learn how to cite journal articles, magazines, newspapers, and more accurately.

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References & Citations

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  1. References & Citations Based on Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA) COSC 690

  2. Order of the references in the reference list

  3. Order of several works by the same first author

  4. One-author entries by the same author are arranged by the year of publication, the earliest first. Smith, R.S. (1994). Smith, R.S. (1997). (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.220)

  5. One-author entries precede multiple author entries beginning with the same surname: Alleyne, R.L. (2001). Alleyne, R.L., & Evans, A.J. (1999). (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.220)

  6. References with the same first author and different second or third authors are arranged alphabetically by the second author or, if the second author is the same, the surname of the third author, and so on: Gosling, J.L., Jerald, K., & Belfar, S.F. (2000). Gosling, J.L., & Tevlin, D.F. (1996). Hayward, D., Firching, A., & Brown, J. (1999). Hayward, D., Firching, A., & Smigel, J. (1999). (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.220) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.220) z

  7. References with the same first author in the same order are arranged by year of publication, the earliest first: Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2000). Cabading, J. R., & Wright, K. (2001). (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.220) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.220) z

  8. References with the same first author (or by the same two or more authors in the same order) with the same publication date are arranged alphabetically by the title (excluding A or The) that follows the date: Exception: If the references with the same authors published in the same year are identified as articles in a series (e.g. Part1 and Part2),order the references in the same order, not alphabetically by title. Baheti, J. R. (2001a). Control…. Baheti, J. R. (2001b). Roles of….. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.221) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.220) z

  9. 2. Order of several works by different first authors with the same surname

  10. Works by different authors by the same surname are arranged alphabetically by the first initial. Mathur, A. L. & Wallston, J. (1999). Mathur, S. E., & Ahlers, R. J.(1998). (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.04, p.221)

  11. Introduction to APA Reference style

  12. A. Examples of references to periodicals

  13. Journal article, one author. (4.16,A 1) Mellers, B. A. (2000). Choice and the relative pleasure of consequences. Psychological Bulletin, 126, 910-924. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.240)

  14. Journal article, two authors, journal paginated by issue. (4.16,A 2) Klimoski, R., & Palmer, S. (1993). The ADA and the hiring process in organizations. Consulting Psychology Journal: Practice and Research, 45(2), 10-36. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.240)

  15. Journal article, more than six authors. (4.16,A 4) Wolchik, S. A., West, S. G., Sandler, I. N., Tein, J., Coatsworth, D., Lengua, L., et al. (2000). An experimental evaluation of theory-based mother and mother-child programs for children of divorce. Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology, 68, 843-856. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.241)

  16. Journal article, three to six authors. (4.16,A 3) Saywitz, K. J., Mannarino, A.P., Berliner, L., & Cohen, J. A. (2000). Treatment for sexually abused children and adolescents. American Psychologist, 55, 1040-1049. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.240)

  17. Journal article in press. (4.16,A 5) Zuckerman, M., & Kieffer, S. C. (in press). Race differences in face-ism: Does facial prominences imply dominance? Journal of Personality and Social Psychology. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.241)

  18. Magazine article : (4.16,A 6) Armstrong, L., Yang, D. J., & Cuneo, A. (1994, February 28). The learning revolution: Technology is reshaping education at home and at school. Business Week, 3360, 80-88. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.241)

  19. A daily newspaper article: (4.16 A 9) Jackson, M. (1997, June 10). Dow flirts with 7500: Tech shares strong. The Washington Post, p. C2. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.242)

  20. Entire issue or special section of a journal:(4.16 A 12) Barlow, D.H. (Ed.). (1991). Diagnoses, dimensions, and DSM IV: The science of classification [Special issue]. Journal of abnormal Psychology, 100(3) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.243)

  21. Monograph with issue number and serial (or whole) number:(4.16 A 13) Harris, P.L., & Kavanaugh, R.D. (1993). Young children’s understanding of pretense. Monographs of the Society for research in Child Development, 58(1, Serial No.231). (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.244)

  22. Examples of references toBooks, Brochures, & Book Chapter

  23. Book, Third Edition, Jr. in Name (4.16, B 23) Strunk, W., Jr., & White, E. B. (1979). The elements of style (3rd ed.). New York: Macmillan. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.248)

  24. Edited Book (4.16, B 25) Bremner, G., & Fogel, A. (Eds.). (2001).Blackwell handbook of infant development.Malden, MA: Blackwell. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.249)

  25. Book, No Author or Editor (4.16, B 26) Art students international. (1988). Princeton, NJ: Educational Publications International. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.249)

  26. Book, Revised Edition(4.16, B 27) Cohen, J. (1977). Manual labor and dream analysis (Rev. ed.). New York: Paradise Press. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.249)

  27. Book, Several Volumes in a Multi-Volume Edited Work; Publication Dates Include More Than One Year. (4.16, B 28) Wilson, J. G., & Fraser, F. (Eds.). (1988-1990). Handbook of wizards (Vols. 1-4). New York: Plenum Press. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.249)

  28. Book, English Translation (4.16, B 32) Luria, A. R. (1969). The mind of a mnemonist (L. Solotaroff, Trans.). New York: Avon Books. (Original work published 1965) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.251)

  29. Chapter in an Edited Book(4.16, B 34) Berry, V. (1994). Redeeming the rap music experience. In J. S. Epstein (Ed.), Adolescents and their music: If it's too loud, you're too old (pp. 165-188). New York: Garland. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.252)

  30. C. Technical and research reports

  31. Report available from government printing office (GPO), government institute as author(4.16, C 41) U.S. Food and Drug Administration. (1987). Can herbs really heal? (DHHS Publication No. FDA 87-1140). Rockville, MD: Government printing office. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.258)

  32. Report available from the Educational resources Information Center (ERIC) (4.16, C 43) Gottfredson, L. S. (1980). How valid are occupational reinforcer pattern scores? (Report No. CSOS-R-292) Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University, Center for Social Organization of Schools. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED182465) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.258)

  33. D. Proceedings of Meetings & Symposia

  34. Published proceedings, published contributions to a symposium, article or chapter in an edited book.(4.16,D 49) Barlow, D. H., Chorpita, B. F., & Turovsky, J. (1996). Fear, panic, anxiety, and disorders of emotion. In R. Dienstbier (Ed.), Nebraska Symposium on Motivation: Vol. 43. Perspectives on anxiety, panic, and fear (pp. 251-328). Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.259)

  35. Proceedings published regularly.(4.16,D 50) Wassenaar, L. I., & Hobson, K. A. (1998). Natal origins of migratory monarch butterflies at wintering colonies in Mexico: New isotopic evidence. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, USA, 95, 15436-15439. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.259)

  36. E. Doctoral Dissertations and Master’s Thesis

  37. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained on university microfilm .(4.16,E 54) Houseman, C. A. (1985). An investigation of  nurses' interpersonal needs and their willingness to self-disclose. Dissertation Abstracts International, 51 (01), 543B. (University Microfilms No. AAD93-15947) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.260)

  38. Doctoral dissertation abstracted in Dissertation Abstracts International (DAI) and obtained from the university.(4.16,E 55) Gould, J. B. (1999). Symbolic Speech: Legal mobilization and the rise of collegiate hate speech codes (Doctoral dissertation, University of Chicago, 1999). Dissertation Abstracts International, 60 (02), 533A. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.261)

  39. Unpublished doctoral dissertation .(4.16,E 56) Bernardi, R. A. (1990). Accounting pronouncements, firm size, and firm industry: Their effect on Altman's bankruptcy prediction model. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Nova University, Fort Lauderdale, FL. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.262)

  40. Unpublished master’s thesis .(4.16,E 57) King, W. H. (1990). The celluloid librarian: The portrayal of librarians in motion pictures. Unpublished master's thesis, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.262)

  41. F. UNPUBLISHED WORK AND PUBLICATIONS OF LIMITED CIRCULATION

  42. Unpublished manuscript not submitted for publication.(4.16,F 58) Stinson, C., Milbrath, C., and Bucci, W. (1992). Thematic segmentation of psychotherapy transcripts for convergent analyses. Unpublished manuscript. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.263)

  43. Unpublished manuscript with a university cited(4.16,F 59) Depret, E. F. (1993). Perceiving the powerful: Intriguing individuals versus threatening groups. Unpublished manuscript, University of Massachusetts at Amherst. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.263)

  44. Manuscript in progress or submitted for publication but not yet accepted.(4.16,F 60) McIntosh, D. N. (1998). Religion as schema, with implications for the relation between religion and coping. Manuscript submitted for publication. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.263)

  45. Unpublished raw data from study, untitled work(4.16,F 61) Bordi, F., and LeDoux, J. E. (1993). [Auditory response latencies in rat auditory cortex], Unpublished raw data. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.264)

  46. Publication of limited circulation.(4.16,F 62) Klombers, N. (Ed.). (1993, Spring). ADAA Reporter. (Available from the Anxiety Disorders Association of America, 6000 Executive Boulevard, Suite 513, Rockville, MD 20852) (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.264)

  47. G. REVIEWS

  48. Book review.(4.16,G 63) Labinger, J.A. (2005). Two-dimensional science. [Review of the Book Mad, bad and dangerous? The scientist and the cinema]. Science, 310, 1770-1771. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.265)

  49. Motion picture review.(4.16,G 64) Ansen, D. (2002, March 11). Braveheart of darkness. [Review of the motion Picture We were soldiers], Newsweek, 139(10), 63. (Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (2001) 4.16, p.265)

  50. H. AUDIO-VISUAL MEDIA

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