War With Spain

1. War With Spain Chapter 22, Section 3

2. A Hemispheric Giant • Many Latin Americans worried that the United States wanted to dominate the Western hemisphere

3. A conference to improve relation • Secretary of State James G. Blaine set out to improve relation with Latin America • 1889 he invited Latin American nations to a conference in Washington to improve relations and remove trade barriers • Pan-American Union: a group created to work together to solve the problems of the hemisphere.

4. Fears Remain • Latin American were still suspicious of the United States • They refused to open their borders to trade • Feared a flood of American imports would hurt their own industry

5. Revolt in Cuba The Ever Faithful Isle • Cuba, unlike other Spanish colonies did not revolt against Spanish rule in the early 1800s. • 1868 a violent revolution broke out in Cuba for ten years • Some Cuban revolutionaries like Jose Marti, fled to New York where they wrote about the Cuban struggle for Independence.

6. A new revolt • 1895 Marti returned to Cuba • Rebels launched a new fight against Spain • Rebels won control of more than half of the island

7. A new revolt • In response Spain sent a new governor to Cuba, General ValerianoWeyler • Weyler used brutal tactics to crush the revolt • Half a million men were herded into detention camps • At least 100,000 died

8. Americans react • Cuba lay only 90 miles from southern Florida • American trade with Cuba was worth more than $100 million a year • Many American business leaders felt US involvement might hurt their trade • Other sympathized with the Cuban’s desire for freedom and wanted the government to react

9. War Fever • The press stirred up American feelings for Cuba • Pulitzer’s World and Hearst’s Journal competed to print grisly stories about Spanish cruelty • They both knew war with Spain would boost newspaper sales.

10. “Blood, blood, blood!” • Pulitzer and Hearst used yellow journalism to play on the emotions of readers. • President Cleveland wanted to avoid war with Spain • When William McKinley became president in 1897 he also tried to keep the country neutral

11. Remember the Maine! • 1898 fight broke in Havana Cuba • President McKinley set the battleship Maine to Havana to protect American citizens and property

12. Remember the Maine! • An explosion on the Maine killed at least 260 of the 350 sailors • The real cause of the explosion has never been determined • American led by Pulitzer and Hearst clamored for war with Spain • April 22, 1898 Congress declared war with Spain

13. The Spanish-American War • Spanish -American War • Lasted only 4 months • Battlefront stretched from the Caribbean to the Philippine islands

14. Dewey takes the Philippines • Commodore George Dewey received secret orders from Theodore Roosevelt to prepare to attack the Philippines • American bombarded the Spanish ships in Manila harbor and destroyed the Spanish fleet • American rejoiced at the news of Dewey’s victory • Local people had been fighting for independence in the Philippines just as in Cuba. • With help from Emilio Aguinaldo and rebels Americans captured Manila

15. Fighting in Cuba • American troops landed in Cuba • Dressed in heavy wool uniforms in the tropical heat and eating spoiled food! • Rough Riders: First volunteer Cavalry regiment; Organized by Theodore Roosevelt

16. Battle for Santiago • Santiago was a key Cuban city • Roosevelt led the Rough Riders and joined black soldiers of the 9th and 10th regiments up San Juan Hill and Kettle • American troops took the hill

17. Battle for Santiago • Battle of San Juan Hill did not end the war • Santiago Bay: 2 days later American destroyed the Spanish fleet • troops claimed the island of Puerto Rico • American losses : 379 killed in battle but 5,000 died of other causes like yellow fever and malaria

18. The Fruits of Victory • 1898 in a peace treaty Spain agreed to grant Cuba its freedom • Spain also gave the US Puerto Rico and Guam • US paid $20 million for the Philippines • With the new area the dream of expansionist had come true, the United States had an empire

19. Ruling Cuba and Puerto Rico • When the war with Spain began American had promised to leave the government and control of Cuba to its people

20. Liberty for Cuba? • That promise was not kept • Many in Congress believed Cuba was not ready to run their own government • Business leaders opposed full independence because they wanted to protect their investments

21. Liberty for Cuba? • The United States allowed Cuba to write their own constitution • But, forced them to sign the Platt Agreement • Limited Cuba’s right to make treaties and borrow money • Allowed the US to intervene in Cuba • Gave the US control of a naval base at Guantanamo Bay • (Cuba was NOT truly independent)

22. Limited freedom for Puerto Rico • Foraker Act: the US set up a new government for Puerto Rico • Gave Puerto Ricans a limited say in their own affairs • 1917 Puerto Ricans were made citizens of the United States • American set up schools improved health care and built roads on the island

23. War in the Philippines • When the US took over their land after the was Filipinos felt betrayed • Emilio Aguinaldo and others renewed their fight for independence against the Americans • Aguinaldo accused the Americans of forgetting their own beginnings • The war dragged on for years

24. War in the Philippines • 1901 Aguinaldo was captured and the war was over • More than 4,000 American died in the Philippines • 20,000 Filipino loses and another 200,000 civilians died • 1902 US set up a government similar to the on e in the Puerto Rico • Filipinos were not made US citizens because they planned to give them independence • 1946 Filipinos were allowed to govern themselves