EGYPT

1. EGYPT http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZeV3Nb_hI4A&feature=endscreen&NR=1(3:30) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=CXQHQbvwq70&NR=1&feature=fvwp(2:11) http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bJoEzwfFTng&feature=related(3:25) Photo – National Geographic

2. Please . . . .

3. Vagabonds Tramping Through East Africa

4. Elephant Dung Paper handmade by Rocky & Sandi Tatia Discovery Center Tsavo, Kenya Elephant Dung Paper made as part of a project with Kent State University, teaching native people to create guest books, notebooks, address books and other gift items from indigenous materials. Participants collected the dung from the local area, dried it, mixed it with a binding agent (mud and paste), rolled it into thin sheets, dried the sheets, and bound the sheets into books.

5. AFRICA GAME VIEWING Africa Adventure Company: www.africa-adventure.com Our website: www.vagabondgeology.com

6. WEEK 6: EGYPT EAST AFRICA EGYPT Week 6: Egypt Week 5: Kenya KENYA Week 4: Tanzania (2) TANZANIA Week 3: Tanzania (1) ANGOLA Week 2: Zimbabwe ZIMBABWE Week 1: living in Africa SOUTH AFRICA

7. EGYPT TODAY’S TOPICS • Nile • Cairo • Aswan • Edfu • Luxor • West Bank • Abu Simbel • Giza Geography, History & Statistics Nile Cruise

8. EGYPT GEOGRAPHY & GEOLOGY

9. EGYPT GEOGRAPHY

10. EGYPT GEOGRAPHY EGYPT

11. 600 miles 660 miles EGYPT GEOGRAPHY GAZA STRIP Mediterranean Sea ISRAEL SAUDI ARABIA LIBYA 390,000 sq miles (1.45X Texas) Surrounded by 5 countries Red Sea Disputed Areas SUDAN Physical Dimensions

12. EGYPT GEOGRAPHY Africa Asia 5000 Green means lower level on map Mt. Sinai (7,497ft) 3000 1500 Nile River Delta Suez Canal Isthmus of Suez 0 This makes Egypt a transcontinental nation Great Sand Desert Nile River (Longest river on planet at 4,130 miles) Physical Highlights

13. EGYPT GEOGRAPHY 5000 3000 1500 0 Approx. 99% of population uses only 5.5% of total land area People per sq km Population Distribution

14. EGYPT GEOLOGY 5000 3000 1500 0 Egyptian Geology

15. EGYPT FLAG & HISTORY

16. EGYPTIAN FLAG • RED symbolizes early struggle against the monarchy • WHITE symbolizes the bloodless nature of its former Revolution • BLACK symbolizes end of oppression • Tricolor is based on the Arab Liberation Flag; also used by Iraq, Syria & Yemen • Egypt's national emblem, the Eagle of Saladin is centered in the white band (symbol of Arab Nationalism)

17. KEY HISTORY TERMS • Upper/Middle/Lower Egypt • Lower Egypt is from Cairo to the Mediterranean • Upper Egypt is between the Sudan and Cairo • Upper Egypt has been broken up into a Middle Egypt & Upper Egypt • Middle Egypt stretches upstream from the Qena Bend to Memphis LOWER EGYPT Cairo MIDDLE EGYPT UPPER EGYPT Sudan to south

18. KEY HISTORY TERMS • Old/Middle/New Kingdoms • Old Kingdom period, c. 2700–2200 BC • Middle Kingdom period, c. 2055-1650 BC • New Kingdom period, c. 1550-1070 BC

19. KEY HISTORY TERMS • If Old Kingdom period ended c.2200 BC and the Middle Kingdom started c. 2040 BC, what’s in between? WHOA! • Intermediate Periods • 1st Intermediate c. 2181-2085 BC • 2nd Intermediate c. 1650-1550 BC • 3rd Intermediate c. 1069-644 BC “period of disunity and relative cultural decline”

20. KEY HISTORY TERMS Egypt 1st dynasty (c. 3050 – 2890 BC) 2nd dynasty (2890–2686 BC) 3rd dynasty (2686–2613 BC) 4th dynasty (2613–2498 BC) 5th dynasty (2498–2345 BC) 6th dynasty (2345–2181 BC) 7th and 8th dynasties (2181 - 2160 BC) 9th dynasty (2160–2130 BC) 10th dynasty (2130–2040 BC) 11th dynasty (2134–1991 BC) 12th dynasty (1991–1803 BC) 13th dynasty (1803–1649 BC) 14th dynasty (1705–1690 BC) 15th dynasty (1674–1535 BC) 16th dynasty (1660–1600 BC) 17th dynasty (1650–1549 BC) 18th dynasty (1549–1292 BC) 19th dynasty (1292–1186 BC) 20th dynasty (1186–1069 BC) 21st dynasty (1069 – 945 BC) 22nd dynasty (945 – 720 BC) 23rd dynasty (837 – 728 BC) 24th dynasty (732 – 720 BC) 25th dynasty (732 – 653 BC) 26th dynasty (672 – 525 BC) Achaemenid dynasty (525 – 404 BC) 28th dynasty (404 – 398 BC) 29th dynasty (398 – 380 BC) 30th dynasty (380 – 343 BC) Achaemenid dynasty (343 – 332 BC) Argead dynasty (332 – 309 BC) Ptolemaic Dynasty (305 – 30 BC) Julio-Claudian Dynasty (27 BC – 68 AD) Flavian Dynasty (69 – 96) Nervan-Antonian Dynasty (96 – 192) Severan Dynasty (193 – 235) Constantinian dynasty (303 – 336) Valentinian Dynasty (364 – 457) House of Theodosius from 379 Leonid dynasty (457 – 518) Justinian Dynasty (518 – 602) Sassanian Dynasty Heraclian Dynasty (602 – 695 and 705 – 711) Rashidun Caliphate Umayyad Caliphate Abbasid Caliphate Mamelukes Ottoman Sultanate Muhammad Ali Dynasty (1805–1953) Dynasties “a sequence of rulers considered members of the same family. Dynasty is also used to refer to the era during which a family reigned, as well as events, trends and artifacts of that period…”

21. KEY HISTORY TERMS Divisions of Historical Egyptian Time

22. BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • c. 10th millennium BC, a culture of hunter-gatherers and fishers is established in Egypt • c. 8000 BCE-Sahara starts to form; tribal peoples migrated to the Nile River where they developed a settled agricultural economy and more centralized society • c. 6000 BCE-Neolithic culture rooted in the Nile Valley; several pre-dynastic cultures developed independently in Upper and Lower Egypt • c. 3200 BCE-earliest known evidence of Egyptian hieroglyphic inscriptions appeared • 3150 BCE-Unified kingdom was founded by King Menes; leading to a series of dynasties that ruled Egypt for the next 3000 years!

23. BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • c. 1650 BCE-first foreign ruling dynasty in Egypt; Semitic Hyksos • c. 1550 BCE, start of New Kingdom, began with the 18th Dynasty; this dynasty sees the maximum expansion of Egypt • Well known Pharaohs, including Hatshepsut, Thutmose III, • Akhenatenand his wife Nefertiti, Tutankhamun and Ramesses II are from New Kingdom Period • 343 BCE-Last native ruling dynasty during the Pharaonic epoch; Falls to the Persians after the last native Pharaoh is defeated in battle • 332 BCE-Ptolemaic Kingdom takes control; Alexandria becomes capital city and center of Greek culture and trade

24. BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1st century-Christianity brought to Egypt by Saint Mark the Evangelist • 639 CE-Egypt invaded and conquered by Muslim Arabs; Cairo becomes seat of Califate; Arabs remain in control for next 600 years • c. 1250 CE-Mamluks take control; Egypt linked the Red Sea, India, Malaya, and East Indies • 1517-Ottoman Turks conquer Egypt after which it becomes a province of the Ottoman Empire and remains connected to the Ottomans till 1914 • 1798-Napoleon Bonaparte conquers Egypt; holds it for 2 yrs. Four years of anarchy follows • 1805 Mohamed Ali(known as “Founder of Modern Egypt”) takes control and holds it for 43 yrs!

25. BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1811-1831-Ali captures Saudi Arabia, Syria, Sudan and parts of Ethopia • 1840-increasing power of Ali alarms European powers; they intercede in Ali’s forays • 1847-Ali dies; string of family successions follow; debt increases to point that Egypt can borrow no more; Europe steps in • 1875-Ali family sells their Suez Canal shares to the British Government; British & French appointed to Parliament to monitor finances • 1879-1882-Foreign involvement leads to local uprising; British/French invade; Egypt becomes British protectorate; British involvement till 1954 • 1919-first modern revolution; UK government issues a unilateral declaration of Egypt's independence on 22 February 1922; Republic 1954

26. BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • 1956-Nasser assumes power as President • 1956 nationalizes the Suez Canal prompting the 1956 Suez Crisis • 1967 Six Day War, Israel invades and occupies Egypt's Sinai Peninsula and the Gaza Strip • 1970-3 years later President Nasser dies and succeeded by Anwar Sadat • 1972-Sadat switches Egypt's Cold War allegiance from the Soviet Union to the United States, expels Soviet advisors; launches the Infitah economic reform policy, while clamping down on religious and secular opposition • 1977-Sadat makes historic visit to Israel; leads to 1979 peace treaty in exchange for Israeli withdrawal from Sinai. Fundamentalist military soldier assassinates Sadat in Cairo in 1981. He is succeeded by Hosni Mubarak

27. BRIEF EGYPT HISTORY • In 2003, Movement launched to oppose Mubarak regime and to establish democratic reforms/greater civil liberties • January 2011, widespread protests began against Mubarak's government; February 2011-Mubarak resigns • Feb 2011-VP Omar Suleiman announces Mubarak stepped down/military assume short term control nation's affairs; Celebrations breaks out in Tahrir Square • February 2011, high level military command announces that both the constitution and the parliament have been dissolved • November 2011, Egypt held its first parliamentary election since the previous regime had been in power; in July 2012, new president Mohamed Morsi elected • August 2012, Prime Minister announces new 35 member cabinet; 28 newcomers including four from the influential Muslim Brotherhood

28. EGYPT DEMOGRAPHIC & ECONOMIC STATISTICS

29. STATISTICAL COMPARISON

30. STATISTICAL COMPARISON

31. STATISTICAL COMPARISON EGYPT OLDER & LONG LIVED GAS RESERVES

32. STATISTICAL COMPARISON Let’s compare the USA!

33. STATISTICAL COMPARISON

34. STATISTICAL COMPARISON USA LITERATE WEALTHY ENGLISH DIVERSE LONGEVITY BIG RESOURCES!

35. NILE RIVER

36. THE NILE • Longest river on planet at 4,130miles; used to be 870 miles longer; blocked by volcanic flows • Runs through 10 countries of Sudan, South Sudan, Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Tanzania, Kenya, Ethiopia, Uganda and Egypt • Drainage basin of 1,256,591 sq mi; approx 10% of the area of Africa • Peak flow is approx. 290,000 cu ft/second (late August/Early September) (more on this later…)

37. THE NILE • Has two major tributaries, White Nile & Blue Nile; they join near Khartoum, Sudan • White Nile is longer and starts in the Great Lakes region of East Africa • 90% of Nile water and 96% of sediment load transported by the Nile originates in Ethiopia • Of the 90% Nile water, the Blue Nile supplies 65% • Blue Nile is the source of most of the water and fertile soil; begins at Lake Tana, Ethiopia

38. THE BLUE NILE

39. THE BLUE NILE EAST AFRICAN RIFT THRU ETHIOPIA Let’s go back and look at the Nile in more detail…. Flows into Sudan 250 mile long canyon!

40. THE NILE (1000 cu km)

41. THE NILE Rainfall/yr • Almost ZERO rain annually • Massive amounts of evaporation reduces output to the Mediterranean >70in 35in < 1in (1000 cu km)

42. THE NILE 6000 4500 Very high gradient (meaning it drops very fast in relatively short distance) 3000 Elevation (ft above sea level) 1500 Low gradient Very low gradient 500 2500 3000 1500 2000 Distance from Mediterranean (mi)

43. NILE SUMMARY • In summary, • Without the Nile there would not be any delta; (the delta provides 2X as much agricultural land as the rest of Egypt) • Without the Nile, there would not have been agriculture and without agriculture, there would be no people • Without the Nile there may not have been any Egyptian Civilization! • Geology created the Nile therefore Geology is responsible for this early Civilization! So, let’s started Vagabonding Around Egypt, first Cairo…

44. CAIRO

45. CAIRO

46. CAIRO

47. CAIRO SIGHTSEEING Mohamed Ali Mosque Coptic Museum To Pyramids Airport Khan Al-Khalili Market Egyptian Museum Cairo Tower Tahrir Square

48. EGYPT PEOPLE

49. NILE CRUISE

50. NILE CRUISE ITINERARY MAP