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Exploring Minerals: Formation, Properties, and Identification

Discover the fascinating world of minerals and how they are formed, their unique properties, and methods for identifying them. Learn about crystal structures, colors, luster types, cleavage, fracture, hardness, and special properties like fluorescence and radioactivity.

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Exploring Minerals: Formation, Properties, and Identification

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  1. Minerals Ch-5

  2. A Mineral Must Be • occur naturally • Can’t be man made • Solid • definite chemical composition • atoms arranged in an orderly fashion • Crystal shape • Inorganic • Never was alive

  3. 4000 known minerals rock, mineral, element, or something else? Water no (solid) Coal no (inorganic, def comp, arrangement) Wood no (inorganic) Helium no (solid) Copper yes

  4. How Minerals Form • Form from molten rock • particles allowed to move and create compounds • Size of the crystals depends on cooling rate • slower = larger • evaporating water • Salts • pressure and heat • can change arrangement without melting

  5. Best crystals form with slow cooling process Six types of crystals Cubic Orthorhombic Tetragonal Triclinic Hexagonal Monoclinic Crystals shape determines cleavage and hardness ex) same element carbon but different uses due to crystal arrangement graphite – sheets – soft – lubricates diamond – tetrahedron – hard – cuts Structure of minerals“Crystals”

  6. Color Luster How it shines in light 2 types of luster Metallic &Nonmetallic Metallic Shines like a metal Types of nonmetallic #1 vitreous like glass quartz #2 pearly Mica #3 adamantine Diamond #4 Greasy #5 Oily #6 Dull #7 Earthy crystal shape only shows if time and space at formation allow it Identification

  7. Streak color given off when rubbed against a white ceramic plate Cleavage tendency to split evenly along flat surfaces Mica one good cleavage feldspar two good cleavages Fracture breaks that do not fall on cleavages Types of Fracture conchoidial fracture smooth and curved Ex) Obsidian splinter fracture jagged surface and edges ex) copper irregular fracture rough surface ex) garnet

  8. Hardness ranked on a scale of 1 –10 moh’s scale hardest = diamond “10” softest = talc “1” increase is not uniform if “X” scratches “Y” then “X” is harder specific gravity (density) how it relates to the density of water reaction with acids some react to hydrochloric acid

  9. double refraction two images ex) Icelandic spar Fluorescent glow under ultra violet light ex) fluorite and calcite Phosphorescent glow after ultra violet light is turned off ex) willemite and sphalerite Taste Salty ex) halite Special Properties

  10. Magnetic ex) magnetite Radioactive carnotite and uranite

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