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ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. Consists of the following main topics: ENGINEERING GEOLOGY ROCK MECHANICS. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Chapter 1.0 : Introduction to engineering geology Chapter 2.0 : Rock classification Igneous rocks Sedimentary rocks Metamorphic rocks

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ENGINEERING GEOLOGY

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  1. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Consists of the following main topics: • ENGINEERING GEOLOGY • ROCK MECHANICS

  2. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY ENGINEERING GEOLOGY • Chapter1.0: Introduction to engineering geology • Chapter 2.0: Rock classification • Igneous rocks • Sedimentary rocks • Metamorphic rocks • Chapter 3.0: Weathering & soils • Chapter 4.0: Geological structures & discontinuities in rock. • Chapter 5.0: Ground Investigation.

  3. ENGINEERING GEOLOGY Objectives of the subject are: To provide ability to apply the relevant principles of geology in civil engineering constructions. To develop ability to apply, to analyse and to evaluate the relevant rock engineering and rock mechanics principles in designing safe and economical civil engineering structures for sustainable developments.

  4. Chap 1.0 Introduction to engineering geology: • The geological environment is where civil engineering structures are constructed. • Effect of geologic elements (rock, soils, landslides, earthquakes, groundwater) must be understood to ensure safety & sustainable development. • Cycle of geology encompasses all the major processes, which must be cyclic or they would grind to an inevitable halt. • LAND: mainly erosion and rock destruction. • SEA: mainly deposition, forming new sediments. • UNDERGROUND: new rock created and deformed.

  5. Geology – its importance in engineering: • Civil engineering works are all carried out on or in the ground. Ground properties & processes are therefore significant – both the strengths of rocks & soils, & the erosional & geological processes which subject them to continual change. • Unstable ground does exist. Some ground is may lead to unstable foundations. • Site investigation is where civil engineers encounter geology. This involves the interpretation of ground conditions (often from minimal evidence), some 3-D thinking, & the recognition of areas of difficult ground or potential geohazards.

  6. Geology – its significance in engineering: • Unforeseen ground conditions can still occur, as ground geology can be almost infinitely variables, but they are often unforeseen due to inadequate site investigation. • Civil engineering design can accommodate almost any ground conditions which are correctly assessed & understood (see Table 1.1).

  7. Table 1.1: Some engineering responses to geological conditions [Waltham, 2002].

  8. Geology – its significance in engineering: • Underground structures & the ground surface have evolved steadily through geological time. • Geologic time is very important in petroleum exploration.

  9. Strength of the ground: • Natural ground materials, rocks & soils, cover a great range of strengths; granite is 4000 times stronger than peat soil. • Note that a strong rock may contain so many fractures in a hill side that the rock mass is weak & unstable. Ground conditions also vary greatly due to purely local fractures such as underground cavities, inclined shear surfaces & artificial disturbances.

  10. Anatomy of the earth : • Earth consists of 3 mainlayers – crust, mantle&core. • Crust (10 – 70km): outer most layer wheresediments/soils, rocks, water, petroleum & minerala arefound. Intrusive igneous rocks form the major composition of crust. • Mantle (2880 – 3200km) comprise layers of very dense rocks (olivine & basalt). Temperature within mantle is 20000C.

  11. Anatomy of the earth: • Core is about 50000C & 3500km thick, consists of molten terdiri nickel & iron, divided into inner & outer core. • Core & mantle consist of melting & partially melting material, this creates dynamic motion to earth crust (floating & continuously moving by convection current from underneath).

  12. Theory of plate tectonic

  13. Plate tectonic – creation of earth’s surface

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