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The Respiratory tract. Canine DistemperCanine Adenovirus type 2Parainfluenza virus 2Canine Herpesvirus 1. Distemper. ParamyxovirusDisease of Canidae, seals, dolphins
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1. Infectious diseases of the dog and cat
2. The Respiratory tract Canine Distemper
Canine Adenovirus type 2
Parainfluenza virus 2
Canine Herpesvirus 1
3. Distemper Paramyxovirus
Disease of Canidae, seals, dolphins…
Serologically unique
Virus strains differ in virulence
Not very resistant
4. Patogenesis Respiratory infection - aerosol
Primary replication in macrophages of upper respiratory tract (within 24 hours) and subsequently in macrophages and lymphocytes (lymph nodes, tonziles)
6 days following infection, first wave of fever and lymphopenia
Critical period: 8-10 days p.i.
Virus dissemination in epithelial cells and CNS
5. Critical period Ab titre > 100:
Virus elimination
End of viremia
Long lasting immunity absence of Ab:
Till 10 – 18 days
Infection of epithelial cells
Secondary replication
2nd wave of fever
Lymphopenia
Clinical signs
6. Distemper – forms: Systemic Distemper
Gastroenteritis
Conjunctivitis
Bronchitis, pneumonia
Nervous form
Hematogenous spread of the virus
Demyelinisation
Old dog encephalitis
Hyperkeratosis (hard pad)
Transplacental transmission
Immunosupression, secondary infections
7. Diagnostics Conjunctival swab
pharyngeal swab
urine, blood, serum
Cerebrospinal fluid
Postmortem: lungs, tonzils, lymph nodes, urinary bladder, brain
8. Diagnostics IFA - yes
Isolation on tissue cultures – no
Isolation on embryonnated eggs – no
Intracytoplasmatic and intranuclear inclusions (in epithel. cells, neuronal cells, leukocytes)
9. Failure of IFA Virus masking by antibodies
Virus occurrence in focuses
Time limited occurrence
10. Detection of Antibodies VNT (paired samples)
Indirect IFA
Immune status
(after 2nd. viremia)
Prognosis non favourable < 1:20
Protection > 1:100
Protection incertain 1:20 – 1:100
11. Analysis of cerebrospinal fluid Used to confirm CDV encephalopathy
Detection of specific IgM and IgG in the CSF-acute Distemper
12. Kennel cough Viruses:
Parainfluenza virus 2
Adenovirus type 2
13. Bacterial and fungal infections in the respiratory system (RS) Nasal infections (acute/ chronic diseases, mycoses)
Upper RT (kennel cough)
Lower RT
14. Diagnosis of RS infections Localizing diseases
Imaginig the RT (endoscopy, tomography, magnetic resonance imaginig)
Obtaining material for microbiological examinations:
Swabing of RS
Washing (nasal, transtracheal aspiration, endotracheal w., bronchoalveolar lavage)
15. The upper RS
B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline p.o.
S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
Escherichia coli flumequin p.o.
Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
amox./ampicillin p.o.
Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin p.o.
Aspergillus spp.
16. The lower RS: Bronchopneumonia I. B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline p.o.
S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
Escherichia coli flumequin p.o.
Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
amox./ampicillin p.o.
Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin p.o.
17. Bronchopneumonia II.
P.aeruginosa enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o.
Pseudomonas spp. amikacin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.
piperacilllin/tikarcillin i.v.,i.m.
gentamicin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.
Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
clindamycin i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
benzylpenicillin s.c.,i.m.
Mycobacterium spp.
18. Pyothorax/pleuritis
Escherichia coli enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o.
Klebsiella pneumoniae enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o.
Enterobacter spp. cephalosporins 2.-3.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
P.multocida co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
klindamycin i.m.,p.o.
S.intermedius co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
19. Enteric tract - viruses Canine parvovirus CPV-2
Canine coronavirus
Distemper
Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)
20. Parvovirosis Canine Parvovirus
Hosts – Canidae
Originated by mutations from Feline panleukopenia virus
Three antigennic types CPV-2a,b,c
Very stable and resistant
Disease of 6 – 8 weeks old puppies
21. Pathogenesis Oral infection
Primary replication in the regional lymph-nodes and tonziles (1 – 2 days)
Replication in enterocytes, myocardium
Virus is disseminated by blood
Virus could be isolated from all tissues
Significant affinity to replicating cells (mitosis)!!
Enteritis
Myocarditis
22. Transplacental infection
Acute myocarditis in 3 – 8 weeks
Mortality 20 – 100%
23. Pathogenesis Virus replicates in non-mature enterocytes
Transient lymphodepletion and neutropenia….. bacterias (sepsis) and viruses.
24. Diagnosis Hemmaglutination test (porcine erytrocytes)
Virus isolation on A72, CRFK – no!
Rapid immunochromatographic tests
25. Serological tests Hemmaglutination inhibition test
titres >80 are protective
Colostral antibodies persist till 8 – 16 weeks of age
4 fold rise is significant
26. Canine Coronavirus Mild infection, often asymptomatic
70% Ab positive dogs
Age: 1-3 months
Incubation period 3-4 days
Involvement of small intestine, replication in mature enterocytes on the apical surface of intestinal villi, virus shedding up to 2 weeks
Watery yellow-green diarrhea
27. Diagnosis Serology -meaningless- low titre of systemic IgG
Paired samples
EM, FA, Cell cutures
Inaktivated vaccine – interference with colostral antibodies
28. The alimentary tract infections The oral cavity, pharynx
The stomach
The intestine
29. The alimentary tract stomatitis , periodontitis
Obligate anaerobes clindamycin p.o.
co-amoxicillin p.o.,s.c.,i.m.
gastritis
Helicobacter spp. amoxicillin-+metronidazole p.o.
Acute enterokolitis
Salmonella spp. flumequin p.o.
Y.enterocolitica potenc.sulfonaides p.o.
amox./ampicillin p.o
Campylobacter spp. erythromycin p.o.
C.perfringens .amox./ampicillin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.
E.coli (EHEC,EAEC) potenc.sulfonamides p.o.
E.coli sultamicilin i.v.,i.m.
(neonatal sepsis) cephalosporins 2.-3.g s.c.,i.v.,i.m.
30. The urinary tract
Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides p.o.,i.m.
Proteus mirabilis. amox./ampicillin p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c.
Proteus vulgaris potenc.sulfonamides p.o.,i.m.,s.c.
S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o.
cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
Klebsiella pneumoniae cephalosporins 1.-3.g. p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c.
Pseudomonas aeruginosa tetracycline p.o.
Enterococcus spp. amox./ampicillin p.o.
Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin p.o.
31. Urogenital tract and viruses Canine Herpesvirus CHV-1
Distemper
Parvovirus
32. Canine Herpesvirus Opportunistic pathogen
Period of increased sensitivity:
last 3 weeks of pregnancy
3 weeks after birth
stress
33. Pathogenesis Infection:
transplacental
during parturition – oronasal infection
Primary replication in oronasal region
Infection of mononuclear cells
Spread in organs and tissues
Latency
34. Diagnosis PCR
Isolation on tissue culture??? (primary canine fibroblasts) CPE within 48 hours
Neutralization test
paired samples
35. The skin (pyoderma)
S.intermedius cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
co-amoxicillin p.o.
oxacillin p.o.
Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides p.o.
Proteus mirabilis cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
Pseudomonas spp. enro/difloxacin p.o.
Streptococcus canis cephalosporins 1.g. p.o.
Bacillus cereus co-amoxicillin p.o.
36. CNS - viruses Distemper
Rabies
37. The cat
38. Enteric Infections Feline Panleukopenia
Feline infectious peritonitis - FIP
39. Felina Panleukopenia Parvovirus
Ag related with other parvoviruses
Oronasal infection
Newborn kittens– systemic or CNS infection
Later – panleukopenia and enteritis
40. Feline Infectious Peritonitis (FIP) Coronavirus
Susceptible hosts: felidae
Antigenniv relationship with other coronaviruses (TGEV, CCoV)
FIP – mutation of ubikvitous feline enteral coronavirus (FeCV)
Both viruses differ by macrophage tropism
41. Pathogenesis Primary replication – epithelium of tonziles
Replication in enterocytes
Infection of macrophages allows virus spread in the organism
42. Pathogenesis Antibodies enhance infection (Fc receptors allows entry into macrophages)
Immunocomplex
Cell mediated response is protective
Effusive - wet form
Non-effusive – dry form (immunity is partially preserved)
43. Diagnosis FeCV complicates diagnosis:
Cross reactivity of antibodies
FeCV IFA titre: 25 – 3200
FIP IFA titre: 100 - 64000
Titre >3200 evidence of FIP infection
Similarity of genomes– complicates PCR diagnostics
44. FIV Retrovirus
Host – felidae
Main route of infection– bite
45. Pathogenesis Target cells
monocytes / macrophages
lymfocytes T , B
astrocytes
perzistent, life-long infection
Provirus integration into host cell chromosome
Expression of virus proteins is restricted
antigennic drift
46. Pathogenesis Acute phase (several weeks)
fever
neutropenia
asymptomatic phase (3 – 5 years)
ARC (AIDS related complex)
generalized lymphadenopathy
chroni secundary infection of mouth and upper respiratory tract
5 - 10% infected animals
tumors
Involvement of CNS
47. Diagnosis Antibody detection
ELISA
IFA
Rapid tests
Serological latency- several weeks
PCR – in some laboratories
48. Feline leukosis virus (FeLV)
Retrovirus
Disease of stray animals (1 - 7% of population)
Infection occurs in the first 5 years of life (age resistence)
transmission– salive (bite), urine, feces, in utero
49. Pathogenesis 3 biotypes
FeLV-A – Immunosupression, oportunistic infection
FeLV-B – Viremia, immunosupression, neoplasia, lymphomas
FeLV-C –thymus atrophy, lymphodepletion
permissive cells: macrophages, lymphocytes, non-mature enterocytes
Antibodies are able to eliminate infection
50. Pathogenesis Primary replication in macrophages and B lymphocytes in tonziles
Primary viremia (1-2 weeks), virus is associated with mononuclear cells
Infected cells are in bone marrow, intestine, oesophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, urinary bladder
Virus is spread by saliva, urine, tears, feces
51. Early phase
4 – 16 weeks following infection (persistent viremia or regression)
latent phase - up to 3 years
Terminal phase
lymphoid tumors, anemia, immunodeficiency (secondary infection)
83% of cats die during 3,5 years
52. Diagnosis p25 antigen detection in blood, saliva…
ELISA
IFA
Rapid immunochromatographic tests
Antibody detection – no!