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Infectious diseases of the dog and cat

Infectious diseases of the dog and cat. The Respiratory tract. Canine Distemper Canine Adenovirus type 2 Parainfluenza virus 2 Canine Herpesvirus 1. Distemper. Paramyxovirus Disease of Canidae , seals , dolphins … Serologically unique Virus strains differ in virulence

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Infectious diseases of the dog and cat

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  1. Infectiousdiseasesofthe dog andcat

  2. The Respiratory tract • CanineDistemper • Canine Adenovirus type 2 • Parainfluenza virus 2 • CanineHerpesvirus 1

  3. Distemper • Paramyxovirus • DiseaseofCanidae, seals, dolphins… • Serologicallyunique • Virus strainsdiffer in virulence • Not veryresistant

  4. Patogenesis Distemper • Respiratoryinfection - aerosol • Primaryreplication in macrophagesofupperrespiratorytract (within 24 hours) andsubsequently in macrophagesandlymphocytes (lymphnodes, tonziles) • 6 daysfollowinginfection, firstwaveoffeverandlymphopenia • Critical period: 8-10 daysp.i. • Virus dissemination in epithelialcellsand CNS

  5. Ab titre > 100: Virus elimination Endofviremia Longlastingimmunity absence of Ab: Till 10 – 18 days Infectionofepithelialcells Secondaryreplication 2ndwaveoffever Lymphopenia Clinicalsigns Critical period Distemper

  6. Distemper – forms: Distemper • SystemicDistemper • Gastroenteritis • Conjunctivitis • Bronchitis, pneumonia • Nervousform • Hematogenousspreadofthe virus • Demyelinisation • Old dog encephalitis • Hyperkeratosis(hardpad) • Transplacentaltransmission • Immunosupression, secondaryinfections

  7. Diagnostics Distemper • Conjunctivalswab • pharyngealswab • urine, blood, serum • Cerebrospinal fluid • Postmortem: lungs, tonzils, lymphnodes, urinarybladder, brain

  8. Diagnostics Distemper • IFA - yes • Isolation on tissuecultures– no • Isolation on embryonnatedeggs– no • Intracytoplasmaticandintranuclearinclusions (in epithel. cells, neuronalcells, leukocytes)

  9. Failureof IFA Distemper • Virus masking by antibodies • Virus occurrence in focuses • Time limited occurrence

  10. DetectionofAntibodies Distemper • VNT (pairedsamples) • Indirect IFA Immunestatus (after2nd. viremia) • Prognosis non favourable < 1:20 • Protection > 1:100 • Protectionincertain1:20 – 1:100

  11. Analysisofcerebrospinal fluid Distemper • Used to confirm CDV encephalopathy • DetectionofspecificIgMandIgG in the CSF-acuteDistemper

  12. Kennelcough • Viruses: • Parainfluenza virus 2 • Adenovirus type 2 • Replication in thelower part oftherespiratorytract

  13. Bacterial and fungal infections in the respiratory system (RS) • Nasal infections (acute/ chronic diseases, mycoses) • Upper RT (kennel cough) • Lower RT

  14. Diagnosis of RS infections • Localizing diseases • Imaginig the RT (endoscopy, tomography, magnetic resonance imaginig) • Obtaining material for microbiological examinations: • Swabing of RS • Washing (nasal, transtracheal aspiration, endotracheal w., bronchoalveolar lavage)

  15. The upper RS • B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline p.o. • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o. • cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • Escherichia coli flumequin p.o. • Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • amox./ampicillin p.o. • Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin p.o. • Aspergillus spp.

  16. The lower RS: Bronchopneumonia I. • B.bronchiseptica prim. doxycycline p.o. • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o. • cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • Escherichia coli flumequin p.o. • Pasteurella multocida cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • amox./ampicillin p.o. • Klebsiella pneumoniae flumequin p.o.

  17. Bronchopneumonia II. • P.aeruginosa enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o. • Pseudomonas spp. amikacin i.v.,i.m.,s.c. • piperacilllin/tikarcillin i.v.,i.m. • gentamicin i.v.,i.m.,s.c. • Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillini.m.,s.c.,p.o. • clindamycin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • benzylpenicillin s.c.,i.m. • Mycobacterium spp.

  18. Pyothorax/pleuritis • Escherichia coli enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o. • Klebsiella pneumoniae enro/difloxacin s.c.,p.o. • Enterobacter spp. cephalosporins 2.-3.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • P.multocida co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • Obligate anaerobes co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • klindamycin i.m.,p.o. • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • cephalosporins 1.g. i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o.

  19. Enterictract - viruses • Canineparvovirus CPV-2 • Caninecoronavirus • Distemper • Canine Adenovirus type 1 (CAV-1)

  20. Parvovirosis • CanineParvovirus • Hosts – Canidae • Originated by mutationsfromFelinepanleukopenia virus • Threeantigennictypes CPV-2a,b,c • Verystableandresistant • Diseaseof 6 – 8 weeksoldpuppies

  21. Pathogenesis Parvo • Oral infection • Primaryreplication in theregionallymph-nodesandtonziles (1 – 2 days) • Replication in enterocytes, myocardium • Virus isdisseminated by blood • Virus couldbeisolatedfromalltissues Significantaffinity to replicatingcells (mitosis)!! • Enteritis • Myocarditis

  22. Transplacentalinfection Parvo Acutemyocarditis in 3 – 8 weeks Mortality 20 – 100%

  23. Pathogenesis Parvo • Virus replicates in non-matureenterocytes • Transientlymphodepletionandneutropenia….. bacterias (sepsis) andviruses.

  24. Diagnosis Parvo • Hemmaglutination test (porcineerytrocytes) • Virus isolation on A72, CRFK – no! • Rapid immunochromatographictests

  25. Serologicaltests Parvo • Hemmaglutinationinhibition test • titres>80 are protective • Colostralantibodiespersisttill 8 – 16 weeksofage • 4 foldriseissignificant

  26. CanineCoronavirus Corona • Mildinfection, oftenasymptomatic • 70% Ab positive dogs • Age: 1-3 months • Incubation period 3-4 days • Involvementofsmallintestine, replication in matureenterocytes on theapicalsurfaceofintestinalvilli, virus sheddingup to 2 weeks • Wateryyellow-green diarrhea

  27. Diagnosis Corona • Serology -meaningless- low titre ofsystemicIgG • Pairedsamples • EM, FA, Cell cutures • Inaktivatedvaccine – interference withcolostralantibodies

  28. The alimentary tract infections • The oral cavity, pharynx • The stomach • The intestine

  29. The alimentary tract • stomatitis, periodontitis • Obligate anaerobesclindamycin p.o. • co-amoxicillin p.o.,s.c.,i.m. • gastritis • Helicobacter spp. amoxicillin-+metronidazole p.o. • Acute enterokolitis • Salmonella spp. flumequin p.o. • Y.enterocolitica potenc.sulfonaides p.o. • amox./ampicillin p.o • Campylobacter spp. erythromycin p.o. • C.perfringens .amox./ampicillin i.v.,i.m.,s.c.,p.o. • E.coli (EHEC,EAEC) potenc.sulfonamides p.o. • E.coli sultamicilin i.v.,i.m. • (neonatal sepsis) cephalosporins 2.-3.g s.c.,i.v.,i.m.

  30. The urinary tract • Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides p.o.,i.m. • Proteus mirabilis. amox./ampicillin p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c. • Proteus vulgaris potenc.sulfonamides p.o.,i.m.,s.c. • S.intermedius co-amoxicillin p.o. • cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • Klebsiella pneumoniae cephalosporins 1.-3.g. p.o.,i.m.,i.v.,s.c. • Pseudomonas aeruginosa tetracyclinep.o. • Enterococcus spp. amox./ampicillin p.o. • Streptococcus spp. amox./ampicillin p.o.

  31. Urogenital tract and viruses • CanineHerpesvirus CHV-1 • Distemper • Parvovirus

  32. CanineHerpesvirus • Opportunisticpathogen • Period ofincreased sensitivity: • last 3 weeksofpregnancy • 3 weeksafterbirth • stress

  33. Pathogenesis CHV-1 • Infection: • transplacental • duringparturition – oronasalinfection • Primaryreplication in oronasal region • Infectionofmononuclearcells • Spread in organsandtissues • Latency

  34. Diagnosis CHV-1 • PCR • Isolation on tissueculture??? (primarycaninefibroblasts) CPE within 48 hours • Neutralization test • pairedsamples

  35. The skin(pyoderma) • S.intermediuscephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • co-amoxicillin p.o. • oxacillin p.o. • Escherichia coli potenc.sulfonamides p.o. • Proteus mirabilis cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • Pseudomonas spp. enro/difloxacin p.o. • Streptococcus canis cephalosporins 1.g. p.o. • Bacillus cereus co-amoxicillin p.o.

  36. CNS - viruses • Distemper • Rabies

  37. The cat

  38. EntericInfections • FelinePanleukopenia • Felineinfectious peritonitis - FIP

  39. FelinaPanleukopenia • Parvovirus • Agrelatedwithotherparvoviruses • Oronasalinfection • Newbornkittens– systemicor CNS infection • Later – panleukopeniaand enteritis

  40. FelineInfectious Peritonitis (FIP) • Coronavirus • Susceptiblehosts: felidae • Antigennivrelationshipwithothercoronaviruses (TGEV, CCoV) • FIP – mutationofubikvitousfelineenteralcoronavirus (FeCV) • Bothvirusesdiffer by macrophagetropism

  41. Pathogenesis FIP • Primaryreplication – epitheliumoftonziles • Replication in enterocytes • Infectionofmacrophagesallows virus spread in theorganism

  42. Pathogenesis FIP • Antibodiesenhanceinfection (Fcreceptorsallowsentryintomacrophages) • Immunocomplex • Cell mediated response isprotective • Effusive - wetform • Non-effusive – dryform (immunityispartiallypreserved)

  43. Diagnosis FIP FeCVcomplicatesdiagnosis: • Crossreactivityofantibodies • FeCV IFA titre: 25 – 3200 • FIP IFA titre: 100 - 64000 • Titre >3200 evidence of FIP infection • Similarityofgenomes– complicates PCR diagnostics

  44. FIV • Retrovirus • Host – felidae • Mainrouteofinfection– bite

  45. FIV Pathogenesis • Targetcells • monocytes / macrophages • lymfocytes T , B • astrocytes • perzistent, life-longinfection • Provirus integrationinto host cell chromosome • Expressionof virus proteinsisrestricted • antigennic drift

  46. FIV Pathogenesis • Acutephase (severalweeks) • fever • neutropenia • asymptomaticphase (3 – 5 years) • ARC (AIDS relatedcomplex) • generalizedlymphadenopathy • chronisecundaryinfectionofmouthandupperrespiratorytract • 5 - 10% infectedanimals • tumors • Involvementof CNS

  47. FIV Diagnosis • Antibodydetection • ELISA • IFA • Rapid tests • Serologicallatency- severalweeks • PCR – in somelaboratories

  48. Felineleukosis virus (FeLV) • Retrovirus • Diseaseofstrayanimals (1 - 7% ofpopulation) • Infectionoccurs in thefirst 5 yearsoflife (age resistence) • transmission– salive (bite), urine, feces, in utero

  49. FeLV Pathogenesis • 3 biotypes • FeLV-A – Immunosupression, oportunisticinfection • FeLV-B – Viremia, immunosupression, neoplasia, lymphomas • FeLV-C –thymusatrophy, lymphodepletion • permissivecells: macrophages, lymphocytes, non-matureenterocytes • Antibodies are able to eliminateinfection

  50. FeLV Pathogenesis • Primaryreplication in macrophagesand B lymphocytes in tonziles • Primaryviremia (1-2 weeks), virus isassociatedwithmononuclearcells • Infectedcells are in bone marrow, intestine, oesophagus, stomach, kidney, pancreas, urinarybladder • Virus isspread by saliva, urine, tears, feces

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