1 / 48

Blood

Blood. Chapter 12. Introduction. What is the function of blood? Blood transports substances (nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones) Also maintains homeostasis in the body with hormones Hematophobia = fear of blood. http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blood-cells.jpg. Blood and Blood Cells.

hester
Download Presentation

Blood

An Image/Link below is provided (as is) to download presentation Download Policy: Content on the Website is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use and may not be sold / licensed / shared on other websites without getting consent from its author. Content is provided to you AS IS for your information and personal use only. Download presentation by click this link. While downloading, if for some reason you are not able to download a presentation, the publisher may have deleted the file from their server. During download, if you can't get a presentation, the file might be deleted by the publisher.

E N D

Presentation Transcript

  1. Blood Chapter 12

  2. Introduction • What is the function of blood? • Blood transports substances (nutrients, oxygen, wastes, and hormones) • Also maintains homeostasis in the body with hormones • Hematophobia = fear of blood

  3. http://static.ddmcdn.com/gif/blood-cells.jpg

  4. Blood and Blood Cells • Blood is a type of connective tissue with two basic components: • 1. Cells (red blood cells, white blood cells, and platelets) = 45% • 2. Plasma (water, amino acids, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, vitamins, hormones, electrolytes, and cellular wastes) = 55%

  5. http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/uploads/VMC/TreatmentImages/2309_blood_450.jpghttp://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/uploads/VMC/TreatmentImages/2309_blood_450.jpg

  6. Hematocrit – percentage of cells in a blood sample • Should be 45%, remaining 55% is plasma • Have to centrifuge a blood sample to test this http://25.media.tumblr.com/tumblr_lzns58gagQ1qzcf71o1_500.jpg

  7. Three types of cells • Red blood cells - erythrocytes • White blood cells - leukocytes • Platelets - thrombocytes http://www.virtualmedicalcentre.com/uploads/VMC/TreatmentImages/2309_blood_450.jpg

  8. Red blood cells - erythrocytes • Have a biconcave shape • RBCC stand for red blood cell count which is the amount of blood cells in a cubic millimeter (5 million per cubic millimeter) • They lack nuclei in a mature stage so they will not divide

  9. http://drbentownsend.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/red-blood-cells-anemic.jpghttp://drbentownsend.files.wordpress.com/2010/10/red-blood-cells-anemic.jpg

  10. Hematopoiesis – formation of new blood cells (done in bone marrow) • Blood cells live for about 120 days, then are phagocytized by the liver and spleen http://daley.med.harvard.edu/assets/Willy/hematopoiesis.jpg

  11. Erythropoietin – a hormone that is part of a negative feedback mechanisms that controls the rate of red blood cell formation • Produced in the liver and kidneys (controlled by oxygen levels http://webs.ashlandctc.org/mflath/KEYCHAPTER%2014%20OBJECTIVES_files/image002.gif

  12. Main functions of Red blood cells • Transports oxygen throughout body and picks up carbon dioxide • Hemoglobin - molecule which combines with oxygen to transport it within the blood • Iron is critical to the creating of hemoglobin

  13. http://gassama.myweb.uga.edu/hemoglobinmolecule.gif

  14. Oxygen levels in blood • Oxyhemoglobin – blood has plenty of oxygen, appears bright red • Deoxyhemoglobin – blood is not carrying much oxygen, appears "bluish red"

  15. Red blood cell production requires: • Iron • Vitamin B12 • Folic Acid • Anemia = too few red blood cells https://encrypted-tbn1.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9GcQtvvjNgc-sxmkYMIULmSzDmGM9yUkUXZekHI43ZzV8CJpFi9fuyg

  16. White blood cells – leukocytes • General function - defend the body against disease-causing agents (microorganisms) • Five different types in two groups: • 1. Granulocytes (granular cytoplasm): Neutrophils, Eosinophils, Basophils • 2. Agranulocytes (lacking granular cytoplasm): Monocytes, Lymphocytes

  17. http://illuminationstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/leukocytes.jpghttp://illuminationstudios.com/wp-content/uploads/2011/10/leukocytes.jpg

  18. 1. Neutrophils • Very active in phagocyting bacteria • Are present in large amount in the pus of wounds • Most common make up 60% of WBC http://images.wisegeek.com/neutrophil.jpg

  19. 2. Eosinophils • Attack parasites • Control allergic reaction • 2% WBC

  20. 3. Basophils • Produces Heparin (prevents blood clots) and Histamines (causes inflammatory reaction) • Less then 1% WBC

  21. 4. Monocytes • Precursors of macrophages • Phagocytes • Make up 6% of WBCs

  22. 5. Lymphocytes • Main constituents of the immune system which is a defense against the attack of pathogenic micro-organisms such as viruses, bacteria, fungi and protista • Yield antibodies and arrange them on their membrane • Make up 30% of WBCs White blood cell interactive

  23. Platelets – Thrombocytes • Help initiate formation of blood clots, • They close breaks in damaged blood vessels http://www.ouhsc.edu/platelets/Platelet%20Pics/Platelets3.jpg

  24. Blood Plasma • The liquid portion of the blood • 92% water • transports nutrients, gases, vitamins, maintains fluid and electrolyte balance, and pH • Four types of proteins in plasma http://blog.inceptsaves.com/files/2011/02/45497505_c0013438-frozen_blood_plasma-spl-1.jpg

  25. Albumin • Origin: Liver • Function: Helps maintain osmotic pressure and blood volume (blood pressure) http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6c/ALB_structure.png/250px-ALB_structure.png

  26. Alpha Globulin • Origin: Liver • Function: Transport lipids and fat – soluble vitamins

  27. Beta Globulin • Origin: Liver • Function: Transport lipids and fat – soluble vitamins

  28. Gamma Globulin • Origin: Lymphatic tissue • Function: Constitute a type of antibody for immunity

  29. Fibrinogen • Origin: Liver • Function: Largest molecules of plasma proteins; important for blood clotting. Major event in blood clotting is the change of fibrogen into fibrin http://www.bmsc.washington.edu/people/teller/fig1.gif

  30. Hemostasis • The process of stopping bleeding • Coagulation causes the formation of a blood clot • 3 Key Events http://www.getbodysmart.com/ap/circulatorysystem/blood/hemostasis/menu/image.gif

  31. 1. Blood Vessel Spasm (vasoconstriction) • Damaged or broken vessels stimulate muscle tissue in the walls of the blood vessels to contract • This slows or stops blood flow, lasts for several minutes. • Also, platelets release serotonin, a vasoconstrictor which maintains the muscle spasm even longer.

  32. http://www.medivisuals.com/images/products/detail/503031-05X.jpghttp://www.medivisuals.com/images/products/detail/503031-05X.jpg

  33. 2. Platelet plug formation • Platelets stick to surfaces of damaged blood vessels and to each other to form a "plug" http://www.baileybio.com/plogger/images/anatomy___physiology/10._powerpoint_-_cardiovascular_system/platelet_plug_formation.jpg

  34. 3. Blood coagulation • Most effective, forms a blood clot (hematoma). • Injury causes an increase in the release of coagulants. • Main event - conversion of fibrinogen into long protein threads called fibrin.

  35. Tissue damage cause the prodction of prothrombin activator (calcium ions must be present) • Prothrombin get converted to thrombin • Thrombin acts as an enzyme to cause change of fibrinogen to fibrin, which traps platelets and blood cells to form a hematoma

  36. http://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/eMedicineHealth/illustrations/blood_clot.jpghttp://images.emedicinehealth.com/images/eMedicineHealth/illustrations/blood_clot.jpg

  37. Thrombus - a blood clot abnormally forming in a vessel http://trialx.com/curetalk/wp-content/blogs.dir/7/files/2011/05/diseases/Thrombus-3.jpg

  38. Embolus - when the clot moves and becomes lodged in another place http://www.thrombosisadviser.com.tw/html/images/library/atherothrombosis/embolus-cerebral-artery-illustration-PU.jpg

  39. Blood Groups and Transfusions • Blood types are controlled by three alleles: • A, B, & O • A & B are codominant; O is recessive • This makes the genetics of blood very interesting

  40. Antigens and Anitbodies • Agglutination is the clumping of red blood cells following a transfusion reaction • It is due to a reaction between red blood cell surface molecules called antigens and protein antibodies carried in plasma • The type of antigens deternmines what blood type a person is

  41. http://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n_Z7V0vf3ic/Tbt5_Vi3P6I/AAAAAAAAABg/tTTs_IXHaPg/s1600/Slide+1.pnghttp://4.bp.blogspot.com/-n_Z7V0vf3ic/Tbt5_Vi3P6I/AAAAAAAAABg/tTTs_IXHaPg/s1600/Slide+1.png

  42. Blood transfusions • Blood that has antibodies on it that is not recognized by the body will be attacked by your immune system • O is the Universal Donor because a person with this type of blood does not have antigens on the surface of the blood cells • This will not cause an immune reaction in the patient.

  43. AB is the universal Acceptor because this person will not have an immune reaction to A, B, AB, or O http://www.bankofmontana.com/blog/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/Blood_Group_Compatibility.gif

  44. Rh Blood group • A person can either be Rh+ (have Rh surface antigens) or Rh- (do not have Rh surface antigens) • Positive is the dominant genotype http://www.arcinlandempire.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/10/blood-type.png

  45. Problem: When a fetus is Rh+ and the mother is Rh-, this can cause the mother's immune system to attack the fetus. • Called Erythroblastosis fetalis • Doctors can prevent this reaction by giving the woman an injection that will suppress her immune reaction.

  46. http://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap19/figure_19_04_labeled.jpghttp://classes.midlandstech.edu/carterp/Courses/bio225/chap19/figure_19_04_labeled.jpg

More Related