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The Age of Enlightenment

The Age of Enlightenment. History 103 The West and the World. CARTESIAN RATIONALISM. Systematic Doubt Deductive Argument from First Principles. Cartesian Dualism Res extensa Res cogitans. Rene´ Descartes 1596 - 1650. Math as Bridge. Thinking Universe Soul.

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The Age of Enlightenment

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  1. The Age of Enlightenment History 103The West and the World

  2. CARTESIAN RATIONALISM • Systematic Doubt • Deductive Argument from First Principles • Cartesian Dualism • Res extensa Res cogitans Rene´ Descartes 1596 - 1650 Math as Bridge Thinking Universe Soul Physical Universe Size, Shape Motion, Rest Discourse on Method, 1637

  3. Sir Isaac Newton, 1642-1727 • Newtonian Worldview • One universal, mathematical law • explains all motion in universe • World of nature open to human • investigation and knowledge • Mechanical view of nature • Orderly, regulated, uniform • Machine operates by natural laws • Natural Laws can be Known by Man Principia, 1687

  4. TECHNOLOGY SCIENCE ANCIENT WORLD KNOWLEDGE-TRUTH ARTS & CRAFTS WORLD OF SUBSTANCE PHILOSOPHY/THEOLOGY PRACTICAL/MATERIAL WORLD CHRISTIAN MEDIEVAL QUALITATIVE SPIRITUAL/SOUL QUANTITATIVE MECHANISTIC SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION PHYSICAL UNIVERSE QUANTITATIVE/MATHEMATICALLY STRUCTURED & MECHANISTIC MATHEMATICS IS BRIDGE FROM HUMAN SOUL/MIND TO KNOWLEDGE OF REALITY

  5. Teleological View of World As Great Chain of Being GOD MAN Nature Essentially Qualitative

  6. Cartesian Dualism And Modern Worldview Nature As Essentially Quantitative Man as Soul God as First Cause

  7. Enlightenment as Intellectual Movement • Difficult to Date – 18th Century – Primarily in France • Led by a diverse group of intellectuals commonly called the philosophes • Not so much a coherent philosophy, but an intellectual movement—the 18th century version of the cultural wars • Intellectual Roots of Liberalism—political, economic, and social liberalism

  8. DefiningCharacteristics • Reason vs Revelation • Secular • Deism • Empirical • Toleration • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Press • Religious Freedom • Anti-clerical and anti-authoritarian • Emphasis upon Education • Equality before the Law • Cultural Relativism • Theory of Progress

  9. The OLD (Ancien) Regime • Absolute Monarchy • Divine Right of Kings • Hierarchical Structure with Defined Classes • Birth Defined Status – not talent • Church and State – Throne and Altar • Censorship of the Press • Lettre de cachet • Emphasis upon Tradition—Bible & Classics

  10. Louis XIV, the Sun King 1643-1715 Louis XIV in His Minority

  11. Louis XV, 1715-1774 Ruler of France, 1715-1774 Louis XV at Five Year of Age

  12. Essay Concerning Human Understanding, 1690 • Denies Innate Ideas • Tabula rasa • Sensation • Reflection • Lockean Epistemology • Does for Human Mind • What Newton Does for • Universe John Locke 1632-1704

  13. John Locke 1632-1704 A Letter Concerning Toleration, 1689,1690,1692 • Laissez-faire liberalism in religion and politics • Limitations of the human mind • Political Dualism • Civil & Ecclesiastical Realms

  14. DefiningCharacteristics • Reason vs Revelation • Secular • Deism • Empirical • Toleration • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Press • Religious Freedom • Anti-clerical and anti-authoritarian • Emphasis upon Education • Equality before the Law • Cultural Relativism • Theory of Progress

  15. Baron de Montesquieu 1689-1755 Persian Letters, 1721 Spirit of the Laws, 1748 • Cultural Relativism • Making a “science of society” • Doing for Human Institutions • What Newton Did for Physical • Universe

  16. Spirit of the Laws, 1748 • Method—Seeks operative laws • Nature and Principle (or Spirit) • Three Kinds of Government • Republican (Virtue) • Monarchy (Honor) • Despotism (Fear) • Checks and Balances • Legislative • Executive • Judicial • Control of Military Baron de Montesquieu 1689-1755

  17. Voltaire 1694-1778 • Personification of the Enlightenment • Poet, novelist, playwright, essayist • Philosophical Letters, 1733 • Candide, 1759 • Philosophical Dictionary, 1764

  18. Denis Diderot 1713-1784 Encyclopedia, or a systematic dictionary of the sciences, arts, and crafts

  19. 17 volumes of articles, • issued from 1751 to 1765 • 11 volumes of illustrations, • issued from 1762 to 1772 • 18,000 pages of text • 75,000 entries • 44,000 main articles • 28,000 secondary articles • 2,500 illustration indices • 20,000,000 words in total

  20. Jean-Jacques Rousseau 1712-1778 Discourse on the Arts and Sciences, 1750 Discourse on Inequality, 1754 The Social Contract, 1762 “The General Will”

  21. Immanuel Kant 1724-1804 Critique of Pure Reason, 1781 What is Enlightenment?, 1784 Critique of Practical Reason, 1788

  22. Noted Mathematician & Scientist Systematically Applied Mathematics to the social sciences Advocate for Human Rights, including rights for women and blacks Directly involved in the French Revolution Theory of Progress Marquis de Condorcet 1743-1794

  23. Adam Smith 1723-1790 • The Wealth of Nations, 1776 • Economic Liberalism • laissez faire • The Hidden Hand • Theory of Progress

  24. DefiningCharacteristics • Reason vs Revelation • Secular • Deism • Empirical • Toleration • Freedom of Speech • Freedom of Press • Religious Freedom • Anti-clerical and anti-authoritarian • Emphasis upon Education • Equality before the Law • Cultural Relativism • Theory of Progress

  25. LIBERALISM • Political Liberalism • Economic Liberalism • Social Liberalism

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