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UNIT FOUR: Matter and its Changes

UNIT FOUR: Matter and its Changes. Chapter 12 Atoms and the Periodic Table Chapter 13 Compounds Chapter 14 Changes in Matter Chapter 15 Chemical Cycles and Climate Change. Chapter Fourteen: Changes in Matter. 14.1 Chemical Reactions 14.2 Types of Reactions

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UNIT FOUR: Matter and its Changes

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  1. UNIT FOUR: Matter and its Changes • Chapter 12 Atoms and the Periodic Table • Chapter 13 Compounds • Chapter 14 Changes in Matter • Chapter 15 Chemical Cycles and Climate Change

  2. Chapter Fourteen: Changes in Matter • 14.1 Chemical Reactions • 14.2 Types of Reactions • 14.3 Energy and Chemical Reactions • 14.4 Nuclear Reactions

  3. Chapter 14.4 Learning Goals • Compare and contrast chemical and nuclear reactions. • Explain the significance of the strong nuclear force. • Explore benefits and negative effects of nuclear reactions.

  4. 14.4 Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions • The involvement of energy in chemical reactions has to do with the breaking and forming of chemical bonds. • A nuclear reaction involves altering the number of protons and/or neutrons in an atom.

  5. 14.4 Chemical vs. Nuclear Reactions • For complex reasons, the nucleus of an atom becomes unstable if it contains too many or too few neutrons relative to the number of protons. • The forces inside the atom result in it breaking apart or releasing particles.

  6. 14.4 Radioactivity • Almost all elements have one or more isotopes that are stable. • “Stable” means the nucleus stays together. • Carbon-14 is radioactive because it has an unstable nucleus.

  7. 14.4 Radioactive Decay • This process of radioactive decay results in an unstable, radioactive isotope like carbon-14 becoming the more stable isotope nitrogen-14.

  8. 14.4 Radioactive Decay • There are three types of radioactive decay: • alpha decay, • beta decay, and • gamma decay.

  9. 14.4 Two types of Nuclear Reactions • There are two kinds of nuclear reactions: fusion and fission. • Nuclear fusion is the process of combining the nuclei of lighter atoms to make heavier atoms.

  10. 14.4 Fusion • Nuclear fusion occurs in the Sun and the resulting energy released provides Earth with heat and light.

  11. 14.4 Types of Nuclear Reactions • Nuclear fission is the process of splitting the nucleus of an atom. • A fission reaction can be started when a neutron bombards a nucleus.

  12. 14.4 Using nuclear reactions in medicine and science • A half-life is a certain length of time after which half of the amount of radioactive element has decayed. • As a radioactive element decays, it emits harmful radiation such as alpha and beta particles and gamma rays.

  13. 14.4 Using nuclear reactions • Radioactive dating is a process used to figure out the age of objects by measuring the amount of radioactive material in it and by knowing the half-life of that substance. • Understanding radioactive decay of uranium-238 has allowed scientists to determine that the age of Earth is 4.6 billion years old.

  14. 14.4 Using nuclear reactions in medicine and science • Radioisotopes(also called radioactive isotopes) are commonly used as tracers in medicine and science. • By adding a radioactive isotope into a system (such as the human body or an underground water supply), problems can be detected.

  15. Key Question: Can we measure the heat released/energy absorbed by instant hot and cold packs? Investigation 14C Types of Chemical Reactions

  16. Hydrogen Powered Cars • Scientists and engineers from government agencies, universities, and all of the major automobile manufacturers are designing, building, and testing hydrogen fuel cell vehicles, also known as FCVs.

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