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What are the Different Types of Plants, and What are Their Main Adaptations for Life on Land?

What are the Different Types of Plants, and What are Their Main Adaptations for Life on Land?. Kingdom Plantae – Diversity and Adaptations Mosses (Bryophytes): lack vascular tissue; alternation of generations: sporophyte produces spores, gametophyte produces gametes (require water)

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What are the Different Types of Plants, and What are Their Main Adaptations for Life on Land?

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  1. What are the Different Types of Plants, and What are Their Main Adaptations for Life on Land? • Kingdom Plantae – Diversity and Adaptations • Mosses (Bryophytes): lack vascular tissue; alternation of generations: sporophyte produces spores, gametophyte produces gametes (require water) • Horsetails and Ferns: vascular tissue (water distributed); repro- duction of gametophyte requires water; ferns (sporophytes) with sacs on underside of frond (filled with spores) • Gymnosperms: include cycads and conifers (seeds in protective cones); pollen grains transport sperm cells; seeds protect embryo from drying out, and provide food (endosperm) • Angiosperms (flowering plants): flowers attract pollinators (via nectar offering), pollen from anthers carried to female stigma by pollinator; sperm travels through pollen tube to ovary; flower  fruit (attracts frugivores, which distribute seeds) • Other organs: roots absorb water with nutrients via root hairs; leaf with palisade layer (allows light to penetrate lower cell layers), stomata and guard cells (CO2 enters, water loss controlled)

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  3. Figure 29.8

  4. Figure 29.13

  5. Figure 30.2

  6. Figure 30.3

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  8. Figures 30.8 and 30.9

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  10. Figure 30.13

  11. Figure 51.8

  12. What are the Different Types of Fungal Organisms, and How Do They Impact Our Lives? • Kingdom Fungi – Diversity • Yeasts: single cells; studied extensively by cell biologists (eukaryotic, easily cultured) • Molds: colonial; reproduce via spores; mycelium composed of hyphae (filaments); cell walls composed of chitin (polysaccharide) • Lichens: symbiosis between fungus and cyanobacteria • Club Fungi: multicellular; mushroom is the reproductive organ (contains spores); perhaps largest organism (mass) on Earth • Importance/Human Impact • Decomposers: saprophytic (excrete enzymes, absorb food) • Mycorrhizae: symbiosis between fungi and plant roots (fungi get sugars; plants get inorganic nutrients) • Important source of antibiotics: ex., penicillin, Alexander Fleming (1928) • Diseases/Conditions: antibiotic use may increase some fungal conditions • Yeast infections, jock itch, athlete’s foot, ringworm, toxic mold (Histoplasma) • Foods/Food Production: bread, beer, cheese, soy products, mushrooms

  13. Figure 31.2

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  15. Figure 31.26

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