Chapter 15, Section 4 Struggles for Justice p. 534-539

1. Chapter 15, Section 4Struggles for Justicep. 534-539 African Americans, Mexican Americans, Asian Americans, and religious minorities all face challenges.

2. African Americans Main Idea: African American leaders take different approaches to the problems of segregation and discrimination. W.E.B. Du Bois Booker T. Washington • Booker T Washington • Urges blacks to get educated & gradually move up in society • Helps found the Tuskegee Institute in Alabama • Carnegie & Rockefeller help him build schools • Has dinner w/TR @ the White House • W.E.B Du Bois • 1st African American to earn Harvard Ph.D. • Urges blacks to demand equality & fightdiscrimination • Helps found the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP)

3. Campaign Against Lynching • Violence against African Americans peaks during the depression of 1893. • Unemployed white Americans often take out frustrations on African Americans. • Ida B. Wells speaks out against lynching- • murder by a mob (usually hanging of a black man) • Over 2000 lynchings in the South in the 1890s • President Wilson supports segregation: - “Segregation is not humiliating, but a benefit.” The Lynching of Will James, Cairo Ill., 1909

4. Ida B. Wells • Became journalist when fired as teacher in Memphis • Fired for not giving up “whites only” seat in railcar • 100 blacks lynched/year during 1880s and 1890s • Only 3 people punished • Receives death threats • Carries 2 guns strapped to her waist Ida B. Wells 1862-1931

5. Setbacks and Successes • Despite segregation, some African Americans succeed • George Washington Carver - scientist , works with peanuts • Sarah Walker – first American woman millionaire • makes hair products • Black-owned businesses thrive: banks, insurance companies, retail stores, colleges, churches…. Sarah Walker –self-made millionaire entrepreneur, philanthropist

6. Mexican Americans Main Idea: The growing Mexican American population faces prejudice but finds support in close-knit communities. Mexican migrant farmworker harvesting vegetables in the San Fernando Valley Like African Americans, Mexican Americans face discrimination and segregation. Revolution & famine cause a large Mexican migration to the U.S. after 1910 90% settle in the Southwest Most work as manual labor: field hands, build roads & railroads, dig irrigation ditches, work in factories… Denied skilled labor jobs, even if they possess the skill

7. Barrios & Mutualistas • Mexican Americans create barrios (Spanish for Neighborhood) - ethnic neighborhoods to preserve language, history and culture - Largest is in L.A. • Some form mutualistas (mutual aid groups) • pool money to pay for things like insurance, legal advice, care for needy… • Sound familiar? Chavez Ravine – 1950s

8. Asian Americans Main Idea: As large numbers of immigrants arrive from Japan, some Americans call for limits on Japanese immigration. Japanese Farmer in Napa Valley, California • Since the Chinese Exclusion Act: American Business bring in over 100,000 Japanese immigrants • Many settle as farmers on the West Coast. • Japanese also face discrimination & segregation. • Growing powers of Japanese Navy force the U.S. to provide Japanese immigrants with limited rights. • The Gentlemen’s Agreement: Japan stops allowing workers to come here

9. Religious Minorities Main Idea: Immigration also leads to increased prejudice against Jews and Roman Catholics. The Public Lynching of Leo Frank August 17, 1915, Marieta, GA Nativist groups (Anti-Catholic American Protective Association) work to limit job & educational opportunities of Catholics & Jews. American Catholics open parochial schools. schools sponsored by the Roman Catholic Church Rise in anti-Semitism prejudice against Jews Leo Frankconvicted of murder. - Judge commutes sentence from death to life in prison Mob forces its way into the jail, lynches Frank American Jews found the Anti-Defamation League - to promote understanding & fight prejudice