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Marine Classification

Marine Classification. What Makes something alive?. Characteristics of Living Things. Life requires 2 things to exist Matter- 13 elements make up 99% of mass of living things Energy- Capacity to do work Life needs energy to perform processes of life

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Marine Classification

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  1. Marine Classification

  2. What Makes something alive?

  3. Characteristics of Living Things • Life requires 2 things to exist • Matter- 13 elements make up 99% of mass of living things • Energy- Capacity to do work • Life needs energy to perform processes of life • Reproduction, growth, movement, eating, etc. • Living things are made up of cells • Cells are the smallest whole structure that can be defined in a living thing

  4. Matter and Energy in Living Systems • How do living things obtain matter and energy?

  5. Obtaining Matter and Energy • Autotrophy (trophikos=noursishment) • Obtain energy from the sun or from chemical processes • Self feeding • Heterotrophy (hetero=other) • Obtain energy from consuming other organisms

  6. Processes involved in obtaining energy • Respiration • Photosynthesis • Chemosynthesis

  7. Respiration • Autotrophs and Heterotrophs perform respiration • Process of releasing energy from a carbohydrate to perform the functions of life • Occurs in mitochondria • Release of energy from breaking down sugars C6H12O6+ 6O2----> 6CO2+ 6H2O + chemical energy

  8. Photosynthesis-Autotrophy • Photosynthesis • Occurs in chloroplasts • Solar energy captured by chlorophyll • Oxygen by-product Sunlight + 6CO2 + 6H2O ----> 6O2 + C6H12O6

  9. Chemosynthesis- Autotrophy • Process of using energy-rich compounds to create energy-rich organic compounds • Instead of sunlight being the energy source, chemical energy is the energy source • Chemical energy is from minerals in hot springs or from methane in deep oceans

  10. The diversity of marine life • The ocean is home to a wide variety of organisms • Marine organisms range from microscopic bacteria and algae to the largest animal in the world (blue whale) • Number of known marine species: 250,000

  11. Classification of living things • Organisms can be classified into one of three domains of life: • Archaea • Bacteria • Eukarya Figure 12-1

  12. Classification of living things • Organisms can also be classified into one of six kingdoms: • Eubacteria • Archaebacteria • Protista • Fungi • Plantae • Animalia Figure 12-1

  13. Classification of living things • Archeabacteria • Prokaryotic (no membrane bound nucleus) simple cells • Extremophiles common in the ocean • Live in hydrothermal vents\ • Oldest life on earth • Eubacteria • Also prokaryotes • Bacteria are responsible for many necessities of life, ex nitrogen fixation, or healthy bacteria in our digestive tract

  14. Classification of living things • Protista • Very abundant in oceans (what we call seaweed) • We classify these into divisions instead of phyla • More complex cell structures, cell wall and membrane bound nucleus (eukaryotic) • We will study these way more next!!!!1 • Fungi • Complex cell structure • Decomposers, not very common in marine environments

  15. Classification of living things • Plantae • Only about 200 marine plants have been identified • Submergent plants live completely underwater • Emergent plants with roots underwater and rest of the plant above We will talk much more about these in the next unit as well • Animalia • Most complex of all kingdoms, we will study these extensively 4th quarter : )

  16. Taxonomic classification includes the following increasingly specific groupings: • Kingdom • Phylum (Division for plants) • Class • Order • Family • Genus • Species

  17. Classification of living things • Classification is a way or organizing characteristics of life • We use binomial nomenclature (2 names)to name specific organisms • For example- humans are Homo sapiens • Notice the H is capital, s small case, and the whole name is italicized

  18. Classification of living things • Names used in taxonomy have latin origins and usually mean something related to the organisms characteristics • For example- Homo sapiens, means “wise man”

  19. Taxonomic classification of selected organisms

  20. Classification of marine organisms • Marine organisms can be classified into one of three groups based on habitat and mobility: • Plankton (floaters) • Phytoplankton (drifting plants and algae) • Zooplankton (drifting animals) • Nekton (swimmers) • Benthos (bottom dwellers)

  21. Plankton: Examples Phytoplankton Zooplankton Figure 12-2

  22. Nekton: Examples Figure 12-4

  23. Benthos: Examples Figure 12-5

  24. Life cycle of a squid • Squid experience benthic, planktonic, and nektonic stages • Squid are considered meroplankton • Meroplankton- spend par of their life as plankton and part as nekton or benthos • Haloplankton- spend life as plankton Figure 12-3

  25. Symmetry • 3 types of symmetry • Asymmetry- non symmetrical • Radial- more than one line of symmetry • Bilateral- only one line of symmetry

  26. Distribution of species on Earth • The land has more species because it has greater environmental variability than the ocean • Most ocean species are benthic because of greater environmental variability compared to pelagic environments Figure 12-6

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