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Collapse of the old order

Collapse of the old order. Ch. 29, 1929-1949. Recap: Road to revolution in USSR. 1922 Emergence of USSR Lenin’s attempt at New Economic Policy Growth in agriculture EXCEEDS heavy industry Death of Lenin in 1924 leads to bitter rivalries for power

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Collapse of the old order

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  1. Collapse of the old order Ch. 29, 1929-1949

  2. Recap: Road to revolution in USSR • 1922 Emergence of USSR • Lenin’s attempt at New Economic Policy • Growth in agriculture EXCEEDS heavy industry • Death of Lenin in 1924 leads to bitter rivalries for power • 1929: Joseph Stalin emerges as the leader of the Communist party , and prepares to industrialize the nation

  3. Stalin’s goals for ussr • Turn USSR into an industrialized nation • Goals of Industrialization in USSR • Prevent embarrassment of Russia’s defeat to Germany in 1917 • Increase the power of the Communist Party • Increase the power of the Soviet Union in relation to other countries • NOT focused on production of consumer goods for world market

  4. Stalin’s Five-year plans • System of Centralized Control • Government created industries • Employ peasants in factories, mines, offices • Stalin’s Russia begins to resemble a nation at war • Plan has drastic effects on the Environment • Hydroelectric Dams create reservoirs • Roads, Canals, Railroads cut the landscape • Forests and grasslands converted to farmland

  5. Stalin’s collectivization of agriculture • Consolidating small private farms into collectives = farmers work together in commonly owned fields • Collectives supply the government with a fixed amount of food, distribute surplus to members • Introduction of farm machinery turns collectives into outdoor factories • Goal: bring peasants under government control, not allow them to withhold food supplies

  6. Stalin’s collectivization of agriculture • Government instituted massive propaganda campaigns to gain farmer’s support

  7. The building of socialism

  8. On condition of total cooperation, 1927

  9. Lets annihilate the kulaks class, 1930

  10. Day labourer’s and komsomol members on tractor, 1931

  11. Sleep at work helps the enemies of the working class, 1931

  12. The future of war will be exceedingly mechanized, 1931

  13. Lets consolidate the industrial power of the soviet union, 1932

  14. Women in the collective farms

  15. Women in the collective farms, a great power, 1933

  16. Thanks to dear stalin for a happy childhood, 1936

  17. Ussr, a country of what’s biggest in the world, 1938

  18. Struggle with the kulaks • Kulaks = “Better-off” peasants resist giving up their property • Rather than conform, Kulaks burn their own crops, slaughter their livestock, and smash their farm equipment • Stalin announces a liquidation of the Kulak class • 8 million Kulak’s arrested and sent to labor camps

  19. Struggle with the kulaks • With Kulaks in labor camps, lower class/ least successful peasants remain to work for the state • Lower laborers sent to work in factories due to a limited supply of crops and animals • Unable to meet the demands of the cities • 1933-1934: Famine kills 5 million people

  20. Stalin’s Second, five-year plan • Intent to increase the output of consumer goods threat of Nazism leads to a shift to producing armaments • Consumer goods become scarce 14x increase in metals and machinery

  21. Terror of the ussr • Stalin forces labor and suppresses resistance using the NKVD (Stalin’s secret police force) • 1930’s: Stalin arrests hundreds of engineers and technicians • Stalin expels 1/3 of the Communist Party • Stalin begins executing his top generals and officers (antiparty activities)

  22. Terror and opportunity of the ussr • People were afraid to meet in public for fear of being charged with treason • 8 million people were sent togulags (labor camps) • Due to lack of workers, employment opportunities were easy to find • Poor, young, women found access to jobs • Look at Pg. 769

  23. Prosperity of the ussr • By the late 1930’s, the USSR was the 3rd largest industrial power, after the U.S. and Germany

  24. The depression • Period called the “Roaring Twenties” marked by high stock prices, housing prices, and prosperity bring on the crash • Tuesday, October 24, 1929 “Black Thursday” • People rush banks to withdraw funds, remove $ from stock market

  25. Number of U.S. Banks Closing (1920-1933)

  26. Money in Circulation (Currency + bank deposits)

  27. Economic crisis of the depression • Consumers reduce purchases Effect??? • Farm prices fall Effect??? • Mid 1932: • American economy shrunk by half • Unemployment up to 25%

  28. US Reaction to Economic crisis • 1930: Smoot-Hawley tariff • Taxes on imports into the U.S. • World Trade drops 62%

  29. Depression in industry • Collapse of Global Economics • NYC holds loans to Germany and Austria • Germany and Austria cannot pay reparations to Britain and France • Britain and France cannot pay war loans to U.S.

  30. Handling the depression • France and Britain • Force colonies to purchase goods • Germany • Unable to pay for imported fuel and food • Japan • Farmers and fishermen suffer loss in income • Radical leaders emerge to provide hope

  31. Depression in Latin America • Latin American countries depended on money from exports (sugar, coffee, tea, wheat, beef, tin) • Increase in unemployment and homelessness • Industrialization halted in Argentina and Brazil • Military officers seize power

  32. The Rise of dictatorships • Read about Fascist Italy, p.773-774. • Why is Mussolini able to become so powerful? • What movement does he spur worldwide?

  33. Rise of Fascism • Postwar Italy- thousands unemployed banned together to form fasci di combattimento • Benito Mussolini- became leader of Fascist Party, forced the gov. to appoint him prime minister • Mussolini and Fascist party • Excelled at propaganda, glorified war • Foreign policy was cautious

  34. Hitler’s Germany • Germany • Hard-hit by defeat in WWI • Hyperinflation of 1923 • Depression • Germans blamed socialists, Jews, and foreigners for their troules • Nazi party- gained support from unemployed and property owners • Hitler was the leader • Appointed chancellor March 1933 • Declared himself Fuhrer of the “Third Reich” 1934

  35. Hitler’s Germany • Hitler’s economic and social policies extremely successful • Public works contracts • Military build-up • Policy of encouraging women to leave the workplace so men could get the job economic boom • Low unemployment, raised living standards.

  36. Road to War, 1933-1939 • To pursue territorial conquest- Hitler built up his armed forces • Violated the Treaty of Versailles • Withdrew form the League of Nations • Introduced conscriptions • Established an air force • Italy invaded Ethiopia in 1935 • 1936- Hitler sent ground troops into the Rhineland • No serious action from Allies (Britain, France, U.S.)

  37. Road to War • Hitler emboldened to invade Austria, and seized German-speaking territory in Czechoslovakia, France, Britain, and Italy agreed- Munich Conference- 1938 • Democracies “appeasement” • Feared war • feared Communism more then Germany • Thought Hitler an honorable man • Believed that he had no other territorial demands

  38. After Munich • Now too late to stop Hitler short of war • 1939- Hitler invades Czechoslovakia • France, Britain ask for soviet help • Hitler/Stalin= Nazi/Soviet Pact • Divided Poland

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